Popcorn worker's lung: In vitro exposure to diacetyl, an ingredient in microwave popcorn butter flavoring, increases reactivity to methacholine☆

Fedan, Jeffrey S.; Dowdy, Janet A.; Fedan, Kathleen B.; Hubbs, Ann F.

doi:10.1016/j.taap.2006.02.001

Cited by 43 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…An earlier investigation (Fedan et al, 2006) in guinea pig IPT indicated that, over its effective concentration range, the initial responses to the lowest effective concentrations of IL diacetyl consisted of contractions. At concentrations greater than 3 mM (10 mM and 30 mM), diacetyl applied to the IL bath resulted in contraction followed by net relaxation.…”

Section: Effects Of Diacetyl and 23-pentanedione In The Iptmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Diacetyl is believed to diffuse rapidly across the epithelium Morris, 2012). An earlier investigation (Fedan et al, 2006) demonstrated that diacetyl applied to the mucosal surface of guinea pig IPT preparations elicited contractions in lower concentrations, relaxation in higher concentrations, increased reactivity to mucosally applied MCh, and reduced transepithelial potential difference and resistance. In the rat IPT preparation both diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione elicited transient contraction and relaxation in the absence and presence of the epithelium, irrespective of the route of application, that is, IL or EL.…”

Section: Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…This preparation has been described previously (Fedan et al, 2006;Fedan and Frazer, 1992). Eighteen hours after the end of air or flavoring exposure, rats were anesthetized using sodium pentobarbital (65 mg/kg, ip) and euthanized by exsanguination.…”

Section: Effects Of Diacetyl and 23-pentanedione Inhalation On Reactmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the presence of the epithelium, the concentration-response curve obtained after adding MCh mucosally was shifted rightward of the EL curve and was characterized by a smaller maximum response ( Figure 5 and Table 2). The lesser reactivity to MCh after IL addition in intact trachea is a reflection of the epithelial diffusion barrier as well as the release of epithelial-derived modulatory factors (Farmer et al, , 1987Fedan et al, 2006;Fedan and Frazer, 1992;Smith et al, 1993).…”

Section: Effects Of Diacetyl and 23-pentanedione Inhalation On Reactmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the third series of experiments, the IPT preparation was employed to investigate the direct effects of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione in rat airways in vitro. Earlier findings that diacetyl elicits contraction and relaxation of guinea pig airways were extended (Fedan et al, 2006). The potential role of the epithelium in the development of these responses was investigated.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Popcorn Flavoring Effects on Reactivity of Rat Airways in Vivo and in Vitro

Zaccone

Thompson

Ponnoth

et al. 2013

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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Abstract"Popcorn workers' lung" is an obstructive pulmonary disease produced by inhalation of volatile artificial butter flavorings. In rats, inhalation of diacetyl, a major component of butter flavoring, and inhalation of a diacetyl substitute, 2,3-pentanedione, produce similar damage to airway epithelium. The effects of diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione and mixtures of diacetyl, acetic acid, and acetoin, all components of butter flavoring, on pulmonary function and airway reactivity to methacholine (MCh) were investigated. Lung resistance (R L ) and dynamic compliance (C dyn ) were negligibly changed 18 h after a 6-h inhalation exposure to diacetyl or 2,3-pentanedione (100-360 ppm). Reactivity to MCh was not markedly changed after diacetyl, but was modestly decreased after 2,3-pentanedione inhalation. Inhaled diacetyl exerted essentially no effect on reactivity to mucosally applied MCh, but 2,3-pentanedione (320 and 360 ppm) increased reactivity to MCh in the isolated, perfused trachea preparation (IPT). In IPT, diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione (≥3 mM) applied to the serosal and mucosal surfaces of intact and epithelium-denuded tracheas initiated transient contractions followed by relaxations. Inhaled acetoin (150 ppm) exerted no effect on pulmonary function and airway reactivity in vivo; acetic acid (27 ppm) produced hyperreactivity to MCh; and exposure to diacetyl + acetoin + acetic acid (250 + 150 + 27 ppm) led to a diacetyl-like reduction in reactivity. Data suggest that the effects of 2,3-pentanedione on airway reactivity are greater than those of diacetyl, and that flavorings are airway smooth muscle relaxants and constrictors, thus indicating a complex mechanism.Employees at microwave popcorn manufacturing factories have developed "popcorn workers' lung" (Department

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Section: Effects Of Diacetyl and 23-pentanedione In The Iptmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Effects Of Diacetyl and 23-pentanedione Inhalation On Reactmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effects Of Diacetyl and 23-pentanedione Inhalation On Reactmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Popcorn Flavoring Effects on Reactivity of Rat Airways in Vivo and in Vitro

Zaccone

Thompson

Ponnoth

et al. 2013

Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A

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Ketones of Four or Five Carbons

O’Donoghue

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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Several billion pounds of ketones are produced annually for industrial use in the United States and worldwide. Those with the highest production volumes include acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclohexanone, 4‐hydroxy‐4‐methyl‐2‐pentanone, isophorone, mesityl oxide, and acetophenone. Common methods used to manufacture ketones include aliphatic hydrocarbon oxidation, alcohol dehydration with subsequent oxidation, dehydrogenation of phenol, alkyl aromatic hydrocarbon oxidation, and condensation reactions. Ketones are commonly used in industry as solvents, extractants, chemical intermediates, and, to a lesser extent, flavor and fragrance ingredients. Although a common effect of excessive ketone exposure is CNS depression some ketones have pulmonary effects that are well below levels that cause acute CNS effects. For example, ketones such as diacetyl and chemically similar chemicals used for flavoring foods, coffee, and e‐cigarettes provide opportunities for widespread exposure and very debilitating pulmonary disease including bronchiolitis obliterans.

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Diacetyl

Beckett,

Abelmann,

Maier

2023

Patty's Toxicology

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Diacetyl is the simplest diketone. It occurs endogenously in humans, is a natural byproduct of bacterial fermentation and pyrolysis of organic matter, and is present naturally in a number of foods. In its pure form, diacetyl is a greenish‐yellow liquid that is moderately soluble in water and has a very strong buttery, quinone‐like, or chlorine‐like odor. It has been used as a synthetic food additive and flavoring, most notably in microwave popcorn, for its buttery and caramel or toffee notes; however, since the mid‐2000s, its use has declined in favor of substitutes. Diacetyl has also been used as a reactant or starting material in chemical and/or biochemical reactions. Exposure to the general population is ubiquitous, not just from use and consumption of flavored consumer products and foods, but also through naturally occurring diacetyl in various foodstuffs and beverages and direct or secondhand exposure to tobacco smoke. Diacetyl has low toxicity from ingestion and dermal exposure. Its respiratory toxicity potential has been thoroughly evaluated via animal studies. As with most volatile organic compounds, the most sensitive health endpoint is upper airways effects and inflammation. Findings from some epidemiological studies have suggested that, at very high concentrations, diacetyl may cause reduced lung function and even severe restrictive or obstructive lung diseases, including bronchiolitis obliterans. In addition, the weight of the evidence indicates that diacetyl is neither a teratogen, nor a carcinogen. Diacetyl's potential as a sensory irritant and respiratory sensitizer remains equivocal.

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Popcorn worker's lung: In vitro exposure to diacetyl, an ingredient in microwave popcorn butter flavoring, increases reactivity to methacholine☆

Cited by 43 publications

References 16 publications

Popcorn Flavoring Effects on Reactivity of Rat Airways in Vivo and in Vitro

Popcorn Flavoring Effects on Reactivity of Rat Airways in Vivo and in Vitro

Ketones of Four or Five Carbons

Diacetyl

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