Poor breakfast habits in adolescence predict the metabolic syndrome in adulthood

Wennberg, Maria; Gustafsson, Per E.; Wennberg, Patrik; Hammarström, Anne

doi:10.1017/s1368980013003509

Cited by 82 publications

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References 41 publications

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“…Similarly, our finding of large effects of extreme commuting on the propensity to skip breakfast may also be of independent interest, since skipping breakfast may also lead to poor health outcomes such as eating disorders, obesity, and metabolic syndrome (e.g. Ma et al 2003;Wennberg et al 2015).In summary, we present new evidence suggesting that the skipping of breakfast by women of childbearing age can affect the sex composition of surviving births. This implies that the infant health of children born to these women may be compromised as a result of nutritional deficiencies very early in pregnancy-perhaps even before women are aware that they are pregnant.…”

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confidence: 57%

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Breakfast Skipping, Extreme Commutes, and the Sex Composition at Birth

Mazumder

Seeskin

2015

Biodemography and Social Biology

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A growing body of literature has shown that environmental exposures in the period around conception can affect the sex ratio at birth through selective attrition that favors the survival of female conceptuses. Glucose availability is considered a key indicator of the fetal environment, and its absence as a result of meal skipping may inhibit male survival. We hypothesize that breakfast skipping during pregnancy may lead to a reduction in the fraction of male births. Using time use data from the United States we show that women with commute times of 90 minutes or longer are 20 percentage points more likely to skip breakfast. Using U.S. census data we show that women with commute times of 90 minutes or longer are 1.2 percentage points less likely to have a male child under the age of 2. Under some assumptions, this implies that routinely skipping breakfast around the time of conception leads to a 6 percentage point reduction in the probability of a male child. Skipping breakfast during pregnancy may therefore constitute a poor environment for fetal health more generally. IntroductionBreakfast skipping is a common and growing phenomenon among American women. Approximately 40 percent of women of childbearing age are attempting to lose weight (Cohen and Kim 2009), and rates of breakfast skipping have grown steadily over time, especially for adolescent women (Haines, Guilkey, and Popkin 1996;Siega-Riz, Popkin, and Carson 1998). Holtzman (2010) finds that 75 percent of women aged 18 to 26 skip breakfast at least one day a week, 58 percent skip breakfast at least four days a week, and 29 percent skip breakfast every day. Using detailed time use data we find that on a given day, 51 percent of employed women between the ages of 15 and 45 report not eating between the hours of 5 a.m. and 10 a.m. 1 Even among pregnant women, 24 percent report skipping meals (Siega-Riz et al. 2001).Given the vast and growing literature documenting the profound and lasting effects of the prenatal environment on long-term health and socioeconomic success (e.g., Almond and Currie 2011), one might be concerned that the rising incidence of breakfast skipping among women of childbearing age might have important intergenerational ramifications. Pregnant women who extend the overnight fast by skipping breakfast experience a sharp drop in glucose levels and other associated biochemical changes referred to as "accelerated Address correspondence to Bhashkar Mazumder, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 230 S. La Salle Street, Chicago, IL 60604, USA. E-mail: bhash.mazumder@gmail.com 1 This is based on the Eating and Health module subsample of the data, which includes all primary and secondary activities.Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www. tandfonline.com/hsbi. 188 B. Mazumder and Z. Seeskinstarvation" (Metzger et al. 1982). Declines in glucose levels as a result of overnight fasts of 10 to 12 hours in length have been observed in women as early as the sixth to tenth weeks of pregnancy (Mills et al. 1998)....

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confidence: 57%

Section: B Mazumder and Z Seeskinmentioning

confidence: 82%

Breakfast Skipping, Extreme Commutes, and the Sex Composition at Birth

Mazumder

Seeskin

2015

Biodemography and Social Biology

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“…The finding of an association between poor breakfast consumption in adolescence and higher risk of the metabolic syndrome in adulthood in this population has been previously published and discussed (10) . In the current study we show that the association between poor breakfast in adolescence and the metabolic syndrome in adulthood remains also after adjustment for the other meal habits (school lunch and dinner with family).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Irregular eating of meals in adolescence and the metabolic syndrome in adulthood: results from a 27-year prospective cohort

Wennberg

Gustafsson

Wennberg

et al. 2015

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: The objective was to investigate whether irregular eating of meals in adolescence predicts the metabolic syndrome and its components in adulthood, and if any specific meal is of particular importance. Design: Prospective cohort study with 27 years of follow-up. Information on meals (breakfast, school lunch and dinner with family), lifestyle (alcohol consumption, smoking habits, physical activity, consumption of sweets and pastries) at age 16 years was assessed from questionnaires, and presence or not of the metabolic syndrome and its components were defined at age 43 years in 889 participants (82·1 % of total cohort). Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and confidence intervals. Setting: The Northern Swedish Cohort; all school-leavers of the 9th grade in the town Luleå in 1981. Subjects: Adolescents (age 16 years).Results: Irregular eating of meals at age 16 years was associated with higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome at age 43 years (OR = 1·74; 95 % CI 1·12, 2·71), but this was explained by concurrent unhealthy lifestyle at age 16 years. Poor breakfast at age 16 years was the only meal associated with the metabolic syndrome at age 43 years, independent of other meals, BMI (kg/m 2 ) and lifestyle at age 16 years (OR = 1·67; 95 % CI 1·00, 2·80). Conclusions: Irregular eating of meals in adolescence predicted the metabolic syndrome in adulthood, but not independently of BMI and lifestyle in adolescence. Poor breakfast in adolescence was the only specific meal associated with future metabolic syndrome, even after adjustments. Breakfast eating should be encouraged in adolescence.

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“…Breakfast eating behavior is considered a dietary pattern marker, in addition to an essential healthy lifestyle component [3,4]. Previous studies have presented evidence of associations between failure to consume breakfast and increased bodyweight [5,6], in addition to contraction of cardiovascular disease [7], metabolic conditions [8,9], dyslipidemia and insulin resistance [10], type 2 diabetes mellitus [11] and reproductive dysfunction [12]. Moreover, regular breakfast consumption has been correlated with energy balance [13], behavioral and cognitive functioning [14,15], personal wellbeing and mental health [3,16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between breakfast eating habits and health-promoting lifestyle, suboptimal health status in Southern China: a population based, cross sectional study

et al. 2014

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Background: Suboptimal health status (SHS) is the intermediate health state between health and disease, refers to medically undiagnosed or functional somatic syndromes, and has been a major global public health challenge. However, both the etiology and mechanisms associated with SHS are still unclear. Breakfast eating behavior is a dietary pattern marker and previous studies have presented evidence of associations between failure to consume breakfast and increased diseases. Accordingly, in view of the significance of breakfast eating behaviors with respect to health status, the associations between breakfast eating habits and healthy lifestyle, SHS require further elucidation. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted within a clustered sample of 24,159 individuals aged 12-80 years in 2012-13 within the population of Southern China. Breakfast eating habits were categorically defined by consumption frequency ('scarcely, sometimes or always'). Health-promoting lifestyle was assessed via the health-promoting lifestyle profile (HPLP-II). SHS was evaluated using the medical examination report and Sub-health Measurement Scale V1.0 (SHMS V1.0).Results: Of the 24,159 participants, the prevalence rates for the 'health' , 'SHS' , and 'disease' were 18.8%, 46.0%, and 35.2%, respectively. Overall, 19.6% of participants reported 'scarce' breakfast eating habits, with frequent breakfast eaters scoring higher on both HPLP-II and SHMS V1.0. After demographic adjustment, regression analyses revealed a significant association between breakfast eating habits and healthy lifestyle (p <0.001). There were lower levels of breakfast consumption regularity amongst individuals with SHS than those with disease. Categorically 'scarce' breakfast eaters were approximately three times more likely to be assigned SHS (OR: 2.745, 95% CI: 2.468-3.053), while infrequent breakfast eaters ('sometimes') were just less than twice as likely to be assessed as being of SHS (OR: 1.731, 95% CI: 1.595-1.879). Conclusions: Breakfast eating habits are significantly associated with a healthy lifestyle, and appear to be a useful predictor of a healthy lifestyle. Irregular breakfast eating habits are related to an increased risk of SHS; increased breakfast eating frequency may contribute to lowering the prevalence of SHS in Southern China.

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Poor breakfast habits in adolescence predict the metabolic syndrome in adulthood

Cited by 82 publications

References 41 publications

Breakfast Skipping, Extreme Commutes, and the Sex Composition at Birth

Breakfast Skipping, Extreme Commutes, and the Sex Composition at Birth

Irregular eating of meals in adolescence and the metabolic syndrome in adulthood: results from a 27-year prospective cohort

Associations between breakfast eating habits and health-promoting lifestyle, suboptimal health status in Southern China: a population based, cross sectional study

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