Pool Fire Suppression Using CO2 Hydrate

Abstract

This paper presents experimental findings on heat and mass transfer, phase transitions, and chemical reactions during the interaction of CO2 hydrate in powder granules and tablets with burning liquid fuels and oil. The experiments involved CO2 hydrate tablets and spheres made of pressed granules. The fire containment and suppression times were established experimentally. Using the gas analysis data, we studied the effects of the mitigation of anthropogenic emissions from the combustion of liquids and their suppression by gas hydrates. We also compared the performance of water aerosol, foaming agent emulsion, snow, ice, and CO2 hydrate samples as laboratory-scale fire suppressants. The paper further describes the numerical modeling of the CO2 hydrate dissociation during liquid fuel combustion. The rapid carbon dioxide release is shown to prevent the oxidizer from the combustion zone. The suppression of a flame using powder with a granule size of 3 mm requires 20-times less carbon dioxide hydrate than in the case of pressed tablets. Effective conditions are identified for using CO2 hydrates to extinguish fires involving flammable liquids and most common fuels.

Energy Storage in Hydrates: Status, Recent Trends, and Future Prospects

“…Interest in gas hydrates grew when naturally occurring hydrate deposits were discovered and the way of harvesting the energy locked in hydrates was looked into . Applications of clathrate hydrates gained prominence during the past two decades, and several researchers study hydrates for a plethora of applications including carbon dioxide capture and sequestration, , seawater desalination, , storage of methane and hydrogen, , energy recovery, , gas separation, and cold energy storage. , Recently, hydrates are being studied in the food industry, as well as for fire retardant applications. , In this review, we elaborate in detail on the status of methane and hydrogen storage in hydrates along with challenges and future directions.…”

Exploring the Potential of HFC-125a Hydrate for Innovative Fire Suppression: A Gas Hydrate Technology Approach

“…This underscores the versatility of gas hydrates in providing a dual mechanism for fire suppression through inertness and temperature reduction. Beyond firefighting, gas hydrates find diverse applications in natural gas capture, storage, and transportation, including selective removal of carbon dioxide and mixed gas separation. − Moreover, they are explored for their potential role in desalination processes to produce portable water . The multifaceted capabilities of gas hydrates highlight their significance in various scientific and technological domains, including ongoing research into their use as innovative and environmentally friendly firefighting agents.…”

“…The study also emphasized the importance of hydrate particle size in optimizing fire extinguishing capabilities. Gaidukova et al , further explored the effectiveness of CO 2 hydrates in suppressing class B pool fires, revealing that 3 mm granules released 20 times less carbon dioxide than tablets, outperforming ice, snow, and foaming agents. In class A fire experiments, CO 2 hydrates proved exceptional in suppressing wood fires, requiring less mass than water, snow, or ice .…”

Combustion of Liquid Fuels in the Presence of CO2 Hydrate Powder

“…Previously, experiments were carried out to extinguish the flame using CO 2 hydrate: (1) stopping the flame front, as well as (2) extinguishing a volumetric fire [45,46]. CO 2 hydrate powder demonstrated more effective extinguishing than water spray, snow, and ice.…”