PON1 and Mediterranean Diet

Abstract

The Mediterranean diet has been proven to be highly effective in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) has been implicated in the development of those conditions, especially atherosclerosis. The present work describes a systematic review of current evidence supporting the influence of Mediterranean diet and its constituents on this enzyme. Despite the differential response of some genetic polymorphisms, the Mediterranean diet has been shown to exert a protective action on this enzyme. Extra virgin olive oil, the main source of fat, has been particularly effective in increasing PON1 activity, an action that could be due to low saturated fatty acid intake, oleic acid enrichment of phospholipids present in high-density lipoproteins that favor the activity, and increasing hepatic PON1 mRNA and protein expressions induced by minor components present in this oil. Other Mediterranean diet constituents, such as nuts, fruits and vegetables, have been effective in modulating the activity of the enzyme, pomegranate and its compounds being the best characterized items. Ongoing research on compounds isolated from all these natural products, mainly phenolic compounds and carotenoids, indicates that some of them are particularly effective, and this may enhance the use of nutraceuticals and functional foods capable of potentiating PON1 activity.

Dietary and Policy Priorities for Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, and Obesity

“…19, 21, 27-29 Pathways of benefit appear diverse, including effects on BP, glucose-insulin homeostasis, blood lipids and lipoproteins, inflammation, endothelial function, arrhythmic risk, and possibly coagulation/thrombosis, paraoxonase 1 activity, and the gut microbiome. 20, 21, 30 Based on sociocultural and feasibility considerations, not every population in the world can consume a traditional Mediterranean diet. Other examples of Mediterranean-style dietary patterns, with adaption to various regions of the world, have been proposed.…”

“…30, 249-252 For instance, extra-virgin olive oil contains oleocanthal, a phenolic which binds cyclooxygenase (COX) 1 and 2 receptors (causing a characteristic burning throat sensation, similar to that induced by chewing non-coated aspirin) and exhibits anti-inflammatory properties. 30, 251, 252 In the PREDIMED randomized trial, participants receiving extra-virgin olive oil and dietary advice to consume a Mediterranean diet experienced 30% lower risk of stroke, MI, or death, compared with control. 34 In the intervention group, about 60% of the extra-virgin olive oil simply replaced regular olive oil, commonly used in Spain.…”

The effect of PON1 enhancers on reducing acetylcholinesterase inhibition following organophosphate anticholinesterase exposure in rats

“…Strategies by others to increase PON1 activities or effectiveness have included increasing PON1 levels through dietary modification, such as by increases in dietary antioxidants (Durrington et al, 2002;Lou-Bonafonte et al, 2015), or by construction of mutant PON1s that are inherently more efficacious in their hydrolysis of OPs . However, to our knowledge, there are no reports of small molecule enhancers that can increase the efficacy of PON1 in destroying OP molecules.…”

Association between paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme activity, PON1 C(−107)T polymorphism, nutritional status, and lipid profile in children

“…It indicates that normal weight children of the CC genotype, in addition to increased PON1 activity, also have higher HDL-C levels, suggesting a profile indicator of increased protection against oxidative damage, thus preventing the development of early endothelial injuries. Recent studies have pointed out that vitamins A, E, and C supplementation have an impact in restoring the decreased paraoxonase activity following different oxidative stress-causing conditions [31]. Moreover, they have verified that, despite the differential response of genetic polymorphisms, some vitamin and antioxidant compounds exert protective action on the PON1 arylesterase activity [31].…”

“…Recent studies have pointed out that vitamins A, E, and C supplementation have an impact in restoring the decreased paraoxonase activity following different oxidative stress-causing conditions [31]. Moreover, they have verified that, despite the differential response of genetic polymorphisms, some vitamin and antioxidant compounds exert protective action on the PON1 arylesterase activity [31]. The investigation of this important aspect was not possible in our study, since only 6 children, in a total of 73, have used dietary supplements 90 days before the interview.…”