Polyunsaturated molecular species of galactolipids: Markers of zooxanthellae in a symbiotic association of the soft coral Capnella sp. (Anthozoa: Alcyonacea)
“…The polar lipid profile of Symbiodiniaceae and the role of lyso-lipids At present, there is no comprehensive characterisation of the polar lipid profile of coral-hosted Symbiodiniaceae available. Our study therefore fills an important knowledge gap and complements reports on some lipid molecules characteristic in other symbiotic and non-symbiotic dinoflagellates (Gray et al 2009;Awai et al 2012;Flaim et al 2012;Imbs et al 2015;Leblond et al 2015). With the exception of PEs, all lipids detected in our work exhibited pronounced differences in their cellular content or degree of saturation when comparing D. trenchii and Cladocopium.…”
Section: Alternative Composition Of Thylakoid Membranes As a Strategysupporting
Climate change-induced global warming threatens the survival of key ecosystems including shallow water coral reefs. Elevated temperatures can disrupt the normal physiological functioning of photosynthetic organisms by altering the fluidity and permeability of chloroplast membranes that is defined and regulated by their lipid composition. Since the habitat-forming reef corals rely on the obligatory symbiosis with dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae, their heat stress response can be expected to be strongly influenced by the symbiont's lipid metabolism. However, in contrast to the steady increase in the knowledge of the functioning of coral symbionts at the genomic and transcriptomic level, the understanding of their membrane lipid composition and regulation in response to temperature stress is lagging behind. We have utilised mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analyses to identify the key polar lipids that form the biological membranes of reef coral symbionts, comparing the thermotolerant species Durusdinium trenchii with the thermosensitive taxon Cladocopium C3, both hosted by Acropora valida. Our results indicate that the superior thermotolerance D. trenchii inside the host corals could be achieved through (1) the amount and saturation of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols, in particular through putative photosystem II interactions, (2) the increased digalactosyldiacylglycerol to monogalactosyldiacylglycerol ratio with the potential to stabilise thylakoid membranes and integrated proteins, and (3) the chaperone-like function of lyso-lipids. Thereby, our study provides novel insights into the heat tolerance of coral symbionts, contributing to the understanding of the potential of coral reef ecosystems to respond and adjust to heat stress events that are becoming more frequent due to climate change. Finally, our identification of multiple mechanisms of heat tolerance in Symbiodiniaceae furthers the knowledge of the general stress physiology of photosynthetic organisms.
“…The polar lipid profile of Symbiodiniaceae and the role of lyso-lipids At present, there is no comprehensive characterisation of the polar lipid profile of coral-hosted Symbiodiniaceae available. Our study therefore fills an important knowledge gap and complements reports on some lipid molecules characteristic in other symbiotic and non-symbiotic dinoflagellates (Gray et al 2009;Awai et al 2012;Flaim et al 2012;Imbs et al 2015;Leblond et al 2015). With the exception of PEs, all lipids detected in our work exhibited pronounced differences in their cellular content or degree of saturation when comparing D. trenchii and Cladocopium.…”
Section: Alternative Composition Of Thylakoid Membranes As a Strategysupporting
Climate change-induced global warming threatens the survival of key ecosystems including shallow water coral reefs. Elevated temperatures can disrupt the normal physiological functioning of photosynthetic organisms by altering the fluidity and permeability of chloroplast membranes that is defined and regulated by their lipid composition. Since the habitat-forming reef corals rely on the obligatory symbiosis with dinoflagellates of the family Symbiodiniaceae, their heat stress response can be expected to be strongly influenced by the symbiont's lipid metabolism. However, in contrast to the steady increase in the knowledge of the functioning of coral symbionts at the genomic and transcriptomic level, the understanding of their membrane lipid composition and regulation in response to temperature stress is lagging behind. We have utilised mass spectrometry-based lipidomic analyses to identify the key polar lipids that form the biological membranes of reef coral symbionts, comparing the thermotolerant species Durusdinium trenchii with the thermosensitive taxon Cladocopium C3, both hosted by Acropora valida. Our results indicate that the superior thermotolerance D. trenchii inside the host corals could be achieved through (1) the amount and saturation of sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerols, in particular through putative photosystem II interactions, (2) the increased digalactosyldiacylglycerol to monogalactosyldiacylglycerol ratio with the potential to stabilise thylakoid membranes and integrated proteins, and (3) the chaperone-like function of lyso-lipids. Thereby, our study provides novel insights into the heat tolerance of coral symbionts, contributing to the understanding of the potential of coral reef ecosystems to respond and adjust to heat stress events that are becoming more frequent due to climate change. Finally, our identification of multiple mechanisms of heat tolerance in Symbiodiniaceae furthers the knowledge of the general stress physiology of photosynthetic organisms.
“…Using the absorption spectra, the carotenoid was identified as peridinin which exhibited a maximum wavelength at 473-475 nm 35,36 . For the 4 other VIPs, spectrum and proposed mechanisms of fragmentation in the literature leads to the putative identification of 3 VIPs among which two digalactosyldiacyglycerols (DGDG 18:5/20:5 and DGDG 20:5/18:4) 37,38 and the brassicasterol 39 . Based on mass and calculated formula, the last VIP might be a sterol.Figure 6Partial least Square Discriminant Analysis of organic extracts metabolites from seawater’s aquariums.…”
To prevent the settlement and/or the growth of fouling organisms (i.e. bacteria, fungi or microalgae), benthic sessile species have developed various defense mechanisms among which the production of chemical molecules. While studies have mostly focused on the release of chemical compounds by single species, there exist limited data on multi-species assemblages. We used an integrative approach to explore the potential interactive effects of distinct assemblages of two corals species and one giant clam species on biofouling appearance and composition. Remarkably, we found distinct biofouling communities suggesting the importance of benthic sessile assemblages in biofouling control. Moreover, the assemblage of 3 species led to an inhibition of biofouling, likely through a complex of secondary metabolites. Our results highlight that through their different effect on their near environment, species assemblages might be of upmost importance for their survival and therefore, should now be taken into account for sustainable management of coral reefs.
“…The high concentration of TPA in PS and PI may be considered as a taxonomic indicator of zooxanthellate alcyonarians. Recently, several highly unsaturated molecular species of galactolipids have been proposed as lipid molecular markers of zooxanthellae in a symbiont-host association of corals [28]. Contrary to zooxanthellae, soft coral polyps have no galactolipids but can synthesize TPA.…”
Fatty acids (FAs) of soft corals contain two very-long-chain tetracosapolyenoic acids (TPA, 24:5n-6 and 24:6n-3), which are chemotaxonomic markers of all species of the subclass Octocorallia. The distribution of TPA in molecular species of different phospholipid (PL) classes was investigated for the first time in the soft corals Sinularia macropodia and Capnella sp. From shallow waters of Vietnam. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylserine (PS), and phosphatidylinositol (PI) were the major PL classes of S. macropodia and Capnella sp. More than thirty two molecular species of these four PL classes were determined by high resolution tandem mass spectrometry.
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