Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory markers in major depressive episodes during pregnancy

Chang, Jong Sun; Lin, Chih Ying; Lin, Pan; Shih, Yung‐Feng; Chiu, Te-Fa; Ho, Ming‐Chih; Yang, Hui; Huang, Shih‐Yi; Gałecki, Piotr; Su, Kuan‐Pin

doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.05.008

Cited by 34 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 65 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…According to a nationally representative survey, 1 in 10 children have a mother who is depressed [ 47 ]. Observational studies demonstrate an inverse association between circulating EPA and DHA levels and depressive symptoms among pregnant women [ 48 , 49 ]. However, more clinical trials are required to ascertain the benefits of EPA and DHA intakes on perinatal depression improvement as the results are mixed [ 50 , 51 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Intakes of EPA and DHA Omega-3 Fatty Acids among US Childbearing-Age and Pregnant Women: An Analysis of NHANES 2001–2014

Fulgoni²,

et al. 2018

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Background: The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) recommend that the general population should consume about 8 ounces (oz.) per week of a variety of seafood, providing approximately 250 mg per day of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and that pregnant and lactating women should consume 8–12 oz. per week of seafood. Methods: We determined the usual intakes, percentage not meeting recommendations, and trends in EPA and DHA intakes among childbearing-age and pregnant women (15–44 years of age) using the NHANES cycles 2001–2002 through 2013–2014. Results: For the childbearing-age women, the mean usual intake of seafood was 0.44 ± 0.02 oz. equivalent per day and 100% of the population was below the DGA recommendation. Mean usual intakes of EPA, DHA, and combined EPA and DHA from foods and dietary supplements combined were 26.8 ± 1.4, 62.2 ± 1.9, and 88.1 ± 3.0 mg per day, respectively. Over 95% of the sample did not meet the daily intakes of 250 mg EPA and DHA. Similar results were observed for pregnant women. After controlling for covariates, there were slight but significant increases in EPA and DHA intakes from foods and dietary supplements over the 14-year span among childbearing-age (p = 0.005) and pregnant women (p = 0.002). Conclusions: It was estimated that a majority of U.S. childbearing-age and pregnant women consumed significantly lower amounts of seafood than what the DGA recommends, which subsequently leads to low intakes of EPA and DHA; in addition, dietary supplement use has not eliminated the nutrient shortfall.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary Intakes of EPA and DHA Omega-3 Fatty Acids among US Childbearing-Age and Pregnant Women: An Analysis of NHANES 2001–2014

Fulgoni²,

et al. 2018

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“…However, there have only been a few evidence-based treatment options for pediatric patients, and only about 60% of pediatric MDD patients respond to treatment [85]. N-3 PUFAs deficiency has been reported in patients with MDD; moreover, patients with depression have also reported a lower level of n-3 PUFAs [22,86].…”

Section: N-3 Pufas and Mddmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Neuroscience as Mainstream of Psychiatry: The Evidence- Based Treatment Guidelines for Using Omega-3 Fatty Acids as a New Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Chang

2020

Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci

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Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (or omega-3 PUFAs, n-3 PUFAs) are essential nutrients throughout the life span. Recent studies have shown the importance of n-3 PUFAs supplementation during prenatal and perinatal period as a potential protective factor of neurodevelopmental disorders. N-3 PUFAs have been reported to be lower in youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and major depressive disorder (MDD). N-3 PUFAs supplementation has shown potential effects in the improvement of clinical symptoms in youth with ADHD, ASD, and MDD, especially those with high inflammation or a low baseline n-3 index. Moreover, it has been suggested that n-3 PUFAs had positive effects on lethargy and hyperactivity symptoms in ASD. For clinical application, the following dosage and duration are recommended in youth according to available randomized controlled trials and systemic literature review: (1) ADHD: a combination of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) ≥ 750 mg/d, and a higher dose of EPA (1,200 mg/d) for those with inflammation or allergic diseases for duration of 16−24 weeks; (2) MDD: a combination of a EPA + DHA of 1,000−2,000 mg/d, with EPA:DHA ratio of 2 to 1, for 12−16 weeks; (3) ASD: a combination of EPA + DHA of 1,300−1,500 mg/d for 16−24 weeks as add-on therapy to target lethargy and hyperactivity symptoms. The current review also suggested that n-3 index and inflammation may be potential treatment response markers for youth, especially in ADHD and MDD, receiving n-3 PUFA.

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“…A history of exposure to intimate partner violence has been associated with raised levels of the cytokine TNF-α during pregnancy (Blackmore et al, 2011). Several studies have now linked symptoms of depression or anxiety or a history of abuse to altered cytokine patterns during pregnancy (Chang et al, 2017; Karlsson et al, 2017; Walsh et al, 2016). However, we do not yet know how, if at all, this affects the function of the placenta or the development of the fetus.…”

Section: Mediating Biological Mechanisms—the Role Of the Hpa Axis Comentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal maternal stress, fetal programming, and mechanisms underlying later psychopathology—A global perspective

et al. 2018

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There is clear evidence that the mother's stress, anxiety, or depression during pregnancy can alter the development of her fetus and her child, with an increased risk for later psychopathology. We are starting to understand some of the underlying mechanisms including the role of the placenta, gene-environment interactions, epigenetics, and specific systems including the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and cytokines. In this review we also consider how these effects may be different, and potentially exacerbated, in different parts of the world. There can be many reasons for elevated prenatal stress, as in communities at war. There may be raised pregnancy-specific anxiety with high levels of maternal and infant death. There can be raised interpersonal violence (in Afghanistan 90.2% of women thought that "wife beating" was justified compared with 2.0% in Argentina). There may be interactions with nutritional deficiencies or with extremes of temperature. Prenatal stress alters the microbiome, and this can differ in different countries. Genetic differences in different ethnic groups may make some more vulnerable or more resilient to the effects of prenatal stress on child neurodevelopment. Most research on these questions has been in predominantly Caucasian samples from high-income countries. It is now time to understand more about prenatal stress and psychopathology, and the role of both social and biological differences, in the rest of the world.

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Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory markers in major depressive episodes during pregnancy

Cited by 34 publications

References 65 publications

Dietary Intakes of EPA and DHA Omega-3 Fatty Acids among US Childbearing-Age and Pregnant Women: An Analysis of NHANES 2001–2014

Dietary Intakes of EPA and DHA Omega-3 Fatty Acids among US Childbearing-Age and Pregnant Women: An Analysis of NHANES 2001–2014

Nutritional Neuroscience as Mainstream of Psychiatry: The Evidence- Based Treatment Guidelines for Using Omega-3 Fatty Acids as a New Treatment for Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents

Prenatal maternal stress, fetal programming, and mechanisms underlying later psychopathology—A global perspective

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