“…Carbon dots (CDs), such as graphene quantum dots (GQDs), carbon quantum dots (CQDs), carbon nanodots (CNDs), and carbonized polymer dots (CPDs) (Ding et al, 2020; Jia et al, 2020), are a new type of carbon‐based nanomaterials, have attracted extensive attention owing to their advantages such as small size distribution, easy preparation and surface modification, good biocompatibility, and water solubility (Ge et al, 2016; Liu et al, 2018; Phuong et al, 2020; Wang, Yu, et al, 2022; Zheng et al, 2014). Moreover, the tunable photochemical properties of CDs enabling them great advantages in fluorescence sensing (Liang et al, 2021; Pang et al, 2020; Shen, Lou, et al, 2020; Sun et al, 2019; Yi et al, 2021) and phototherapy (Chen et al, 2021; Elsherbiny et al, 2022; Ge et al, 2015; Kim et al, 2021; Nasrin et al, 2020; Zhao, Yan, et al, 2021; Zhao, Yang, et al, 2021). The photochemical properties of CDs include absorption, fluorescence, phosphorescence, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation efficiency, and photothermal conversion efficiency (PEC).…”