Polysulfide Synthesis Using Waste Cooking Palm Oil via Inverse Vulcanization

Abstract

Elemental sulfur and waste cooking palm oil (WCO) are abundant industrial by-products from petrochemical and food processing industries, respectively. WCO was used as a crosslinker to prepare a high-sulfur-content polymer through inverse vulcanization. Polysulfides were generated under vigorous stirring of WCO with elemental sulfur at different temperatures, crosslinking ratios, and reaction times. The physicochemical properties of the produced polysulfides were determined and the thermal stability was analyzed. The FTIR spectra including the breakdown of C=C and formation of C-S bond confirmed the change of functional groups between WCO and produced polymer. The effect of saturated and unsaturated triglycerides of WCO is clearly visible in SEM micrographs. The polysulfide with a 70 wt % sulfur feed ratio showed excellent morphological and thermal properties.

INVERSE VULCANISED POLYSULPHIDE ADSORBENT FROM WASTE COOKING PALM OIL FOR Cu2+ REMOVAL

“…polymeric chain during inverse vulcanisation (Nayeem et al, 2022b). It demonstrates the successful polymerisation of WCO and sulphur.…”

“…The vinylic double bonds in the monomers break down during inverse vulcanisation and react with sulphur to form sustainable polysulphides (Chalker et al, 2019). A recent investigation done by Nayeem et al (2022) showed the use of waste cooking palm oil (WCO) in inverse vulcanisation, which created a new way to deal with the threat of environmental hazards caused by WCO (Nayeem et al, 2022b). The use of different crosslinkers, simple synthesis process, and high selectivity towards heavy metals have made the inverse vulcanised polysulphide adsorbents suitable for heavy metal wastewater treatment (Chalker et al, 2021;Nayeem et al, 2022a).…”

“…The synthesis process was followed by the method done by Nayeem et al (2022b) and Abraham et al (2018) with some minor modifications (Abraham et al, 2018;Nayeem et al, 2022b). About 9 g of sulphur powder and 3 g of NaCl were weighed according to 3:1 and ground using mortar and pestle to make a fine and homogenous mixture.…”

The effect of oil raw material composition in the synthesis of bio‐sorbents based on inverse vulcanization on the ability to remediate hydrocarbon‐contaminated water. A novel method for decontaminating water/fuel emulsions

“…14 The interest in the synthetic method is evidenced by the work of several research groups on the subject. [16][17][18][19][20][21] The materials obtained by this method have been employed in diverse areas: infrared imaging, 22 cathodes for Li-S batteries, 23 sorbents for oil spills, 24 metal and organic decontamination, [25][26][27][28] agriculture as a matrix for slow release fertilizers, 29,30 and as antimicrobial materials. 19,31 To obtain green polymers, it is possible to employ the inverse vulcanization reaction using a waste material (elemental sulfur) and alkenes obtained from biomass processing, renewable sources, or diverted industrial waste streams.…”

“…The introduction of inverse vulcanization, that is, the sulfur reaction with unsaturated monomers, by Pyun and coworkers, together with the use of readily available unsaturated fats, has ushered in a new age in the synthesis and applications of biodegradable and bio‐sourced polymers 14 . The interest in the synthetic method is evidenced by the work of several research groups on the subject 16–21 . The materials obtained by this method have been employed in diverse areas: infrared imaging, 22 cathodes for Li‐S batteries, 23 sorbents for oil spills, 24 metal and organic decontamination, 25–28 agriculture as a matrix for slow release fertilizers, 29,30 and as antimicrobial materials 19,31 .…”