Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymers

Gausepohl, Hermann; Nießner, Norbert

doi:10.1016/b0-08-043152-6/01389-9

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Some of the TCSs discovered in this study are likely to be specific to the polyvinylchloride (PVC)-based surface of ETTs and other indwelling devices [105,106], and thus of clinical importance. Reports suggest that commonly used polymers and glass vary widely in their physical properties such as surface charge, hydrophobicity, roughness, topography, stiffness and chemical propertires [107][108][109][110]. The difference in the biofilm phenotype of gltR and retS mutants [16,40] on PVC, polystyrene and glass indicates that surface's material properties could be one of the governing factors for bacterium's ability to adhere and form a biofilm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The elastic moduli of PVC, polystyrene and borosilicate glass are 14.5, 3.3 and 64 GPa, respectively [107][108][109]. This suggests that PVC is likely the most elastic material (363.6 % of elongation before yield) followed by polystyrene (1.5-3 % of elongation before yield) and glass is least elastic [108,112]. The hyper-and hypobiofilm formation on polystyrene and ETT, respectively, by PA14gltR indicates that the GltR response regulator may respond to surfaces with low stiffness.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation on endotracheal tubes requires multiple two-component systems

Badal

Jayarani

Kollaran

et al. 2020

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Introduction. Indwelling medical devices such as endotracheal tubes (ETTs), urinary catheters, vascular access devices, tracheostomies and feeding tubes are often associated with hospital-acquired infections. Bacterial biofilm formed on the ETTs in intubated patients is a significant risk factor associated with ventilator-associated pneumonia. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the four frequently encountered bacteria responsible for causing pneumonia, and the biofilm formation on ETTs. However, understanding of biofilm formation on ETT and interventions to prevent biofilm remains lagging. The ability to sense and adapt to external cues contributes to their success. Thus, the biofilm formation is likely to be influenced by the two-component systems (TCSs) that are composed of a membrane-associated sensor kinase and an intracellular response regulator. Aim. This study aims to establish an in vitro method to analyse the P. aeruginosa biofilm formation on ETTs, and identify the TCSs that contribute to this process. Methodology. In total, 112 P. aeruginosa PA14 TCS mutants were tested for their ability to form biofilm on ETTs, their effect on quorum sensing (QS) and motility. Results. Out of 112 TCS mutants studied, 56 had altered biofilm biomass on ETTs. Although the biofilm formation on ETTs is QS-dependent, none of the 56 loci controlled quorum signal. Of these, 18 novel TCSs specific to ETT biofilm were identified, namely, AauS, AgtS, ColR, CopS, CprR, NasT, KdpD, ParS, PmrB, PprA, PvrS, RcsC, PA14_11120, PA14_32580, PA14_45880, PA14_49420, PA14_52240, PA14_70790. The set of 56 included the GacS network, TCS proteins involved in fimbriae synthesis, TCS proteins involved in antimicrobial peptide resistance, and surface-sensing. Additionally, several of the TCS-encoding genes involved in biofilm formation on ETTs were found to be linked to flagellum-dependent swimming motility. Conclusions. Our study established an in vitro method for studying P. aeruginosa biofilm formation on the ETT surfaces. We also identified novel ETT-specific TCSs that could serve as targets to prevent biofilm formation on indwelling devices frequently used in clinical settings.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation on endotracheal tubes requires multiple two-component systems

Badal

Jayarani

Kollaran

et al. 2020

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…The structure of the polymer can be written thus: [CH 2 CH(C 6 H 5 )] n ; where C 6 H 5 is a pendant phenyl group which restricts rotation and is responsible for many of the physical and mechanical properties of the polymer. Both expanded PS (EPS) and extruded PS (XPS) are forms of the polymer that contain a high proportion of air (>95%). , EPS is produced when the raw, pelletized material is expanded by heating with steam to form cellular beads. Dried particles are then fused under steam and molded into blocks or other shapes, with beads of 2–5 mm in diameter clearly visible in the final product.…”

Section: Foamed Ps: Production Uses Waste and Marine Litteringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foamed Polystyrene in the Marine Environment: Sources, Additives, Transport, Behavior, and Impacts

Turner

2020

Environ. Sci. Technol.

101

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Foamed polystyrene (PS) that may be either expanded (EPS) or extruded (XPS) is a rigid, lightweight insulating thermoplastic that has a variety of uses in the consumer, packaging, construction, and marine sectors. The properties of the material also result in waste that is readily generated, dispersed, and fragmented in the environment. This review focuses on foamed PS in the marine setting, including its sources, transport, degradation, acquisition of contaminants, ingestion by animals, and biological impacts arising from the mobilization of chemical additives. In the ocean, foamed PS is subject to wind-assisted transport and fracturing via photolytic degradation. The material may also act as a substrate for rafting organisms while being exposed to elevated concentrations of natural and anthropogenic surface-active chemicals in the sea surface microlayer.In the littoral setting, fragmentation is accentuated by milling in the swash zone and abrasion when beached, with wind transport leading to the temporary burial of significant quantities of material.Ingestion of EPS and XPS has been documented for a variety of marine animals, but principally those that feed at the sea surface or use the material as a habitat. As well as risking injuries due to gastrointestinal blockage, ingestion of foamed PS exposes animals to harmful chemicals, and of greatest concern in this respect is the presence of the historical, but still recycled, flame-retardant, hexabromocyclododecane. Because foamed PS is particularly difficult to retrieve as a constituent of marine litter, means of reducing its presence and impacts will rely on the elimination of processes that generate foamed waste, modification of current storage and disposal practices, and the development of more durable and sustainable alternatives.

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“…Polystyrene (PS) is a widely used polymer type of plastic, being the 6th most demanded plastic in Europe in 2018 and having a similar position on the global demand of plastic in 2015 (PlasticsEurope, 2019; Ryberg et al, 2018). PS is an amorphous thermoplastic made from styrene monomer, which exhibits low specific weight, high transparency and brilliance, absence of color, low shrinkage, chemical inertness, and a simple production process (Begum et al, 2019;Gausepohl and Nießner, 2001). It can be found in the market under different varieties, such as general-purpose polystyrene (GPPS), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), expanded polystyrene (EPS), and extruded polystyrene (XPS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It can be found in the market under different varieties, such as general-purpose polystyrene (GPPS), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), expanded polystyrene (EPS), and extruded polystyrene (XPS). Because of its characteristics, PS has been widely used as a packaging material for food and non-food applications, as a building insulator, on the manufacture of household items, on aquaculture, and on the electric, electronic and automobile industries (Begum et al, 2019;Chen et al, 2018;Gausepohl and Nießner, 2001;Gu et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global distribution of two polystyrene-derived contaminants in the marine environment: A review

De-la-Torre

Dioses-Salinas

Pizarro-Ortega

et al. 2020

Marine Pollution Bulletin

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Plastic pollution is one of the major issues impacting on the marine environment. Plastic polymers are known to leach industrial chemicals and associated contaminants. In this review, we focused on assessing the global distribution and concentration of two polystyrene-derived contaminants, hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and styrene oligomers (SOs), in marine sediments and seawater. Overall, most of the studies were carried out in Asia, North America, and Europe. Relatively high concentrations of these contaminants are generally attributed to the proximity of urban cities, plastic industries, polystyrene pollution, and aquaculture. Moreover, the concentrations in sediments are many times higher than in seawater. HBCDs were found to be a negligible risk to marine biota when compared to the ecotoxicological endpoints. However, realistic concentrations of SOs could compromise the wellbeing of certain species in highly polluted sites. The future perspectives and research were discussed.

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Polystyrene and Styrene Copolymers

Cited by 7 publications

References 3 publications

Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation on endotracheal tubes requires multiple two-component systems

Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation on endotracheal tubes requires multiple two-component systems

Foamed Polystyrene in the Marine Environment: Sources, Additives, Transport, Behavior, and Impacts

Global distribution of two polystyrene-derived contaminants in the marine environment: A review

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