Polystyrene and Polyethylene Microplastics Decrease Cell Viability and Dysregulate Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers of MDCK and L929 Cells In Vitro

Palaniappan, Swetha; Sadacharan, Chakravarthy Marx; Rostama, Bahman

doi:10.1007/s12403-021-00419-3

Cited by 33 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 77 publications

(88 reference statements)

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“…The MPs concentration range is quite varied in literature; however, according to previous studies [23,26,47,48], major cell alterations were reported when a higher concentration of microplastics was used: based on the average of concentration ranges used by other authors, we chose to investigate the effects of a single MP's concentration (1 mg/mL) exposure over different periods of time. Considering that the digestion process takes about 6 h and that the average exposure time in literature lasts from 6 to 48 h, with a maximum 72 h [23,25,49], we decided to expose both cell lines to PS-MPs for 6, 24 and 48 h.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pro-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics on Human and Murine Intestinal Cell Lines

et al. 2023

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Plastic is a polymer extremely resistant to degradation that can remain for up to hundreds or thousands of years, leading to the accumulation of massive amounts of plastic waste throughout the planet’s ecosystems. Due to exposure to various environmental factors, plastic breaks down into smaller particles named microplastics (1–5000 μm) and nanoplastics (<1 μm). Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous pollutants but, still, little is known about their effects on human and animal health. Herein, our aim is to investigate cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation and correlated gene modulation following exposure to polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) in HRT-18 and CMT-93 epithelial cell lines. After 6, 24 and 48 h PS-MPs treatment, cell viability (MTT) and oxidative stress (SOD) assays were performed; subsequently, expression changes and cytokines release were investigated by Real-Time PCR and Magnetic-beads panel Multiplex Assay, respectively. For each exposure time, a significantly increased cytotoxicity was observed in both cell lines, whereas SOD activity increased only in CMT-93 cells. Furthermore, Magnetic-beads Multiplex Assay revealed an increased release of IL-8 in HRT-18 cells’ medium, also confirmed by gene expression analysis. Results obtained suggest the presence of a pro-inflammatory pattern induced by PS-MPs treatment that could be related to the observed increase in cytotoxicity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pro-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics on Human and Murine Intestinal Cell Lines

et al. 2023

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“…They described that PE floats on the surface of the solution 58 , 59 , making cellular contact quite challenging. To resolve this, a surfactant buffer, such as Tween 20 or 80, was previously used with the PE, as it enforces an interaction between PE and cells 58 , 60 , 61 . However, surfactants could induce cytotoxicity and increase the contact probability of PE with the cell 57 , 58 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced ASGR2 by microplastic exposure leads to resistance to therapy in gastric cancer

Kim¹,

Zaheer²,

Choi³

et al. 2022

Theranostics

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Background: Microplastics (MPs) are a new global environmental threat. Previously, we showed the biodistribution of MPs using [ 64 Cu] polystyrene (PS) and PET in mice. Here, we aimed to identify whether PS exposure has malignant effects on the stomach and induces resistance to therapy. Methods: BALB/c nude mice were fed 1.72 × 10 4 particles/mL of MP. We investigated PS accumulation in the stomach using radioisotope-labeled and fluorescent-conjugated PS. Further, we evaluated whether PS exposure induced cancer stemness and multidrug resistance, and whether it affected tumor development, tumor growth, and survival rate in vivo using a 4-week PS-exposed NCI-N87 mouse model. Using RNA-Seq analysis, we analyzed whether PS exposure induced gene expression changes in gastric tissues of mice. Results: PET imaging results showed that a single dose of [ 64 Cu]-PS remained for 24 h in the mice stomach. The 4-week daily repetitive dose of fluorescent conjugated PS was deposited in the gastric tissues of mice. When PS was exposed, a 2.9-fold increase in migration rate was observed for NCI-N87 cells. Immunocytochemistry results showed decreased E-cadherin and increased N-cadherin expression, and flow cytometry, qPCR, and western blot analysis indicated a 1.9-fold increase in N-cadherin expression after PS exposure . Further, PS-induced multidrug resistance to bortezomib, paclitaxel, gefitinib, lapatinib, and trastuzumab was observed in the NCI-N87 mouse model due to upregulated CD44 expression. RNA-seq results identified increased asialoglycoprotein receptor 2 ( ASGR2 ) expression after PS exposure, and ASGR2 knockdown decreased cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and drug resistance. Conclusion: We demonstrated that ASGR2 enhanced cancer hallmarks on PS exposure and induced resistance to chemo- and monoclonal antibody-therapy. Our preclinical findings may provide an incentive for further epidemiological studies on the role of MP exposure and its association with gastric cancer.

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“…Furthermore, they are rarely considered when assessing the toxicity of the corresponding particles. For example, some research studies, without revealing the residual monomer content, found that standard PS model particles (∼10 μm) can greatly decrease the cell viability of L929 cells …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Residual Monomers in the Manifestation of (Cyto)toxicity by Polystyrene Microplastic Model Particles

Zhang

Paul

Brehm

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Polystyrene (PS) is an important model polymer for the investigation of effects of microplastic (MP) and nanoplastic (NP) particles on living systems. Aqueous dispersions of PS MP or NP contain residual monomers of styrene. In consequence, it is not clear if the effects observed in standard (cyto)toxicity studies are evoked by the polymer (MP/NP) particle or by residual monomers. We addressed that question by comparing standard PS model particle dispersions with in-house synthesized PS particle dispersions. We proposed a rapid purification method of PS particle dispersions by dialysis against mixed solvents and developed a simple method of UV–vis spectrometry to detect residual styrene in the dispersions. We found that standard PS model particle dispersions, which contain residual monomers, exerted a low but significant cytotoxicity on mammalian cells, while the in-house synthesized PS, after rigorous purification to reduce the styrene content, did not. However, the PS particles per se but not the residual styrene in both PS particle dispersions resulted in immobilization of Daphnia. Only by using freshly monomer-depleted particles, will it be possible in the future to assess the (cyto)toxicities of PS particles, avoiding an otherwise not controllable bias effect of the monomer.

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Polystyrene and Polyethylene Microplastics Decrease Cell Viability and Dysregulate Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Markers of MDCK and L929 Cells In Vitro

Cited by 33 publications

References 77 publications

Pro-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics on Human and Murine Intestinal Cell Lines

Pro-Inflammatory and Cytotoxic Effects of Polystyrene Microplastics on Human and Murine Intestinal Cell Lines

Enhanced ASGR2 by microplastic exposure leads to resistance to therapy in gastric cancer

Role of Residual Monomers in the Manifestation of (Cyto)toxicity by Polystyrene Microplastic Model Particles

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