Polysaccharides of the characeae III. The carbohydrate content of Chara australis

Anderson, D.M.W.; King, N. J.

doi:10.1016/0006-3002(61)90402-4

Cited by 38 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…In contrast with charophytes whose wall pectins are mostly non-esterified (Anderson and King, 1961; Morrison et al , 1993), the pectins of terrestrial plants are often substantially esterified and limited in the number of cross-links that can be formed with calcium. It may be noted that because turgor pressure is force per unit area, there is less total force on the end walls of small cells than large cells.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The experiments were done in Chara corallina , a large-celled green alga that is one of the closest relatives to the algal progenitors of terrestrial plants (Chapman, 1985; Graham, 1985; Niklas, 1992; Scherp et al , 2001). Probably as a result, charophyte wall structure resembles that in terrestrial plants (Anderson and King, 1961; Preston, 1974; Morrison et al , 1993; Popper and Fry, 2003). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Calcium deprivation disrupts enlargement of Chara corallina cells: further evidence for the calcium pectate cycle

Proseus

Boyer

2012

Journal of Experimental Botany

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Pectin is a normal constituent of cell walls of green plants. When supplied externally to live cells or walls isolated from the large-celled green alga Chara corallina, pectin removes calcium from load-bearing cross-links in the wall, loosening the structure and allowing it to deform more rapidly under the action of turgor pressure. New Ca2+ enters the vacated positions in the wall and the externally supplied pectin binds to the wall, depositing new wall material that strengthens the wall. A calcium pectate cycle has been proposed for these sub-reactions. In the present work, the cycle was tested in C. corallina by depriving the wall of external Ca2+ while allowing the cycle to run. The prediction is that growth would eventually be disrupted by a lack of adequate deposition of new wall. The test involved adding pectate or the calcium chelator EGTA to the Ca2+-containing culture medium to bind the calcium while the cycle ran in live cells. After growth accelerated, turgor and growth eventually decreased, followed by an abrupt turgor loss and growth cessation. The same experiment with isolated walls suggested the walls of live cells became unable to support the plasma membrane. If instead the pectate or EGTA was replaced with fresh Ca2+-containing culture medium during the initial acceleration in live cells, growth was not disrupted and returned to the original rates. The operation of the cycle was thus confirmed, providing further evidence that growth rates and wall biosynthesis are controlled by these sub-reactions in plant cell walls.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calcium deprivation disrupts enlargement of Chara corallina cells: further evidence for the calcium pectate cycle

Proseus

Boyer

2012

Journal of Experimental Botany

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“…2A) resemble those in terrestrial plants (Anderson and King 1961;Preston 1974). The cellulose (b-1,4-glucan) is in crystalline microfibrils surrounded by a matrix of pectin and hemicellulose that is gellike.…”

Section: New Approachesmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Small molecules like glucose (0.42 nm) or calcium (hydrated diameter of 0.88 nm) readily pass through, but most polysaccharide polymers are much larger and do not enter unless P is present (Proseus and Boyer 2005). Taken together, these observations suggest that the structure of the charophyte wall is a simplified version of the terrestrial wall (Anderson and King 1961;Preston 1974;Morrison et al 1993;Popper and Fry 2003).…”

Section: New Approachesmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…a-1,4-linked galacturonic acid with small amounts of rhamnose) and minor quantities of polyglucuronic acid (Preston 1974;Morrison et al 1993;Popper and Fry 2003). Few, if any, of the carboxyl groups are methylesterified, leaving them free to be weak acids (Anderson and King 1961;Morrison et al 1993). Ca 2+ forms cross-links with these carboxyl groups, and provided there are regions of at least 10-20 consecutive unmethylated galacturonic carboxyls in neighbouring pectate molecules, clusters of two or possibly four molecules will form non-covalent interpolymer associations with divalent cations (Grant et al 1973;Morris et al 1982;Powell et al 1982;Jarvis 1984;Jarvis and Apperley 1995;Ralet et al 2001;Willats et al 2001).…”

Section: New Approachesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cell wall biosynthesis and the molecular mechanism of plant enlargement

Boyer¹

2009

Functional Plant Biol.

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Abstract.Recently discovered reactions allow the green alga Chara corallina (Klien ex. Willd., em. R.D.W.) to grow well without the benefit of xyloglucan or rhamnogalactan II in its cell wall. Growth rates are controlled by polygalacturonic acid (pectate) bound with calcium in the primary wall, and the reactions remove calcium from these bonds when new pectate is supplied. The removal appears to occur preferentially in bonds distorted by wall tension produced by the turgor pressure (P). The loss of calcium accelerates irreversible wall extension if P is above a critical level. The new pectate (now calcium pectate) then binds to the wall and decelerates wall extension, depositing new wall material on and within the old wall. Together, these reactions create a non-enzymatic but stoichiometric link between wall growth and wall deposition. In green plants, pectate is one of the most conserved components of the primary wall, and it is therefore proposed that the acceleration-deceleration-wall deposition reactions are of wide occurrence likely to underlie growth in virtually all green plants. C. corallina is one of the closest relatives of the progenitors of terrestrial plants, and this review focuses on the pectate reactions and how they may fit existing theories of plant growth.

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Structural Polarity in the Chara Rhizoid: A Reevaluation

Kiss

Staehelin

1993

American J of Botany

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The Chara rhizoid is a useful model system to study gravitropism since all phases of gravitropism occur in a single cell. Despite years of study, a complete description of the distinctive ultrastructure of Chara rhizoids is not available. Therefore, in this paper, we reevaluate the ultrastructural features of vertically grown rhizoids, which have a structural polarity consisting of seven distinct zones. We also characterize the apical vesicles and the cell wall in these rhizoids by using antibodies against pectic polysaccharides. These studies demonstrate that the cell wall consists of two pectinaceous domains and that a distinct population of apical vesicles contain methyl esterified pectin.

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Polysaccharides of the characeae III. The carbohydrate content of Chara australis

Cited by 38 publications

References 8 publications

Calcium deprivation disrupts enlargement of Chara corallina cells: further evidence for the calcium pectate cycle

Calcium deprivation disrupts enlargement of Chara corallina cells: further evidence for the calcium pectate cycle

Cell wall biosynthesis and the molecular mechanism of plant enlargement

Structural Polarity in the Chara Rhizoid: A Reevaluation

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