Polysaccharides of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl.: Extraction, Antioxidant, and Anti‐Inflammatory Evaluation

Abstract

The roots of Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl. are a famous traditional Chinese medicinal herb and are also used as health food. However, information about polysaccharides from S. ningpoensis (SNPS) is very limited. We applied the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) process to extract SNPS. The UAE conditions were optimized using single-factor experiments and response surface analysis. Under the optimized conditions of ultrasonic power of 550 W, extraction time of 26 min, and extraction temperature at 50°C, the highest yield of 13.47% ± 1.63% was obtained, which was in accordance with the predicted value of 13.71%. In comparison with traditional hot water extraction, the optimized UAE method significantly increased the extraction yield with lower extraction temperature and shorter extraction time. Furthermore, the in vitro antioxidant evaluation showed that EC50 values of SNPS were 2.43 ± 0.21, 4.40 ± 0.35, and 0.56 ± 0.062 mg/mL for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) radical, hydroxyl free radical, and 2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay, respectively. The anti-inflammatory potential of SNPS was detected in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced ICR mice. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that SNPS significantly improved LPS-stimulated inflammatory response by decreasing mRNA and protein expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, the extraction process of SNPS established in this study is reliable, and SNPS possesses potential antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which will provide a theoretical basis for guiding the clinical application of S. ningpoensis.

Structural Characterization of Sulfated Polysaccharide Isolated From Red Algae (Gelidium crinale) and Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Macrophage Cells

“…However, GNP can reduce the levels of NO and ROS in cells stimulated by LPS, indicating that GNP can relieve LPS-induced inflammation. Wang et al (2020) reported that SNPS inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6 protein and mRNA expression levels in RAW 264.7 cells. Moreover, Le et al (2020) showed that MESP inhibits the levels of NO, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 to reduce LPS-induced inflammatory response in macrophages.…”

Molecular Insights into the Macrophage Immunomodulatory Effects of Scrophulariae Radix Polysaccharides

“…The monosaccharide composition of SRPs in the present study was different from that reported previously, which might be resulted from the medical origin and extraction method. [10,11]…”

“…[10] The anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of SRPs were also evaluated and confirmed by radical scavenging assay and LPS-induced inflammation model. [11] However, the immunomodulatory activities of SRPs remained obscure, which might limit the applications of SR. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of SRPs fractions on macrophages and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms.…”

Extraction, Separation, Purification, Chemical Characterizations, and Biological Activities of Polysaccharides from Chinese Herbal Medicine: A Review

“…Krast, pumpkin seeds, Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl roots, Okra, and Ziziphus jujuba Mill. [34][35][36][37][38][39] Higher ultrasonic frequencies (above 100 kHz) can destroy glycosidic bonds and lead to the depolymerization of polysaccharides. However, the extraction efficiency of polysaccharides was not significant at low ultrasound frequency (20−50 kHz).…”