Polysaccharide from Gracilaria Lemaneiformis prevents colitis in Balb/c mice via enhancing intestinal barrier function and attenuating intestinal inflammation

Insights on preparation, structure and activities of Gracilaria lemaneiformis polysaccharide

“…Compared with hot water and ultrasonic extraction methods, citric acid can effectively improve the yield of polysaccharide, increase the content of aldehyde acid, reduce the molecular weight and viscosity, and improve the relative homogeneity of polysaccharide ( You, Zhang, Wen, Liu, & Fu, 2016 ). It was proved that the level of total sugar and sulfated polysaccharide could reach 59.93% and 29.82%, separately ( Han et al, 2020 , Han et al, 2020 ) ( Table 2 ). In alkaline treatment, sodium hydroxide was generally used for extraction.…”

“…Sulfate group is the main functional and active group, which plays a vital role in the characterization of physiological activities of organism, as well as accelerates algal polysaccharide to express the biological activities of anticoagulant, antithrombotic and other physiological activities ( Lee, Chao, Hsu, & Lu, 2020 ). The glyosidic bonds of sulfate group include (1 → 2), (1 → 3), (1 → 4) and (1 → 6), of which (1 → 3) - glycoside bond is the main one, accounting for 86% ( Han et al, 2020 ). The literatures have shown that sulfate modification has the ability to improve the solution properties of polysaccharide, enhance the negative charge on the surface of polysaccharide, and strengthen its antioxidant, antitumor, immune and antiviral activities (Cardoso, Costa, & Mano, 2020; Di et al, 2017 ).…”

“…Additionally, Gracilaria lemaneiformis polysaccharide exhibits a variety of biological activities, including regulation of glycolipid metabolism, immune, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory and other biological activities, which possesses the high nutritional value for health care products and functional foods ( Cardoso et al, 2016 , Courtois, 2009 , Jiang et al, 2014 ). Han, Wang, Zhao, You, Pedisic, and Kulikouskaya (2020) indicated that GLP (with 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) improved the body weight and appetite of mice, and inhibited tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α ), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β ) in colon tissue, as well as repaired colon injury of mice. Moreover, these biological activities may be related to the molecular weight and functional groups (carboxyl group, hydroxyl group, acetyl group, sulfate group, and other groups) of GLP, which may enhance or weaken the physiological activities of GLP ( Anand et al, 2018 , Chattopadhyay et al, 2008 ).…”

Regulation effects of indigestible dietary polysaccharides on intestinal microflora: An overview

“…Polysaccharides can enhance the integrity and function of intestinal barriers by promoting goblet cells to secret mucus in the intestine and increasing the expression of tight junction proteins, such as claudin‐1 and ZO‐1, to repair the damaged intestinal barrier. Polysaccharides from Gracilaria Lemaneiformis enhanced the intestinal barrier and protected the colonic microstructure through upregulating the expression of tight junction proteins and forming the necessary chemical barrier against the pathogen in the intestine via secreting mucin MUC‐2 (Han, Wang, et al., 2020). Polysaccharides extracted from wild jujube was found to upregulate the expression of four major tight junction proteins, including occludin, claudin‐1, claudin‐4, and ZO‐1 in TNBS‐induced colitis (Yue et al., 2015).…”

“…The major products of microbiological fermentation are organic acids (OA), including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which provide energy for intestinal epithelial cells, promote their growth, and maintain the function of intestinal barriers (Sun, Cheng, et al, 2020). SCFAs also exhibit a diverse range of health advantages for the host, such as gut function, pathogen inhibition, regulation of the immune system, and protection against glycometabolism-related diseases (Fang et al, 2019;Qi & Tester, 2020) (Han, Wang, et al, 2020).…”