Polysaccharide-based tumor microenvironment-responsive drug delivery systems for cancer therapy

Hybrids of Polysaccharides and Inorganic Nanoparticles: From Morphological Design to Diverse Biomedical Applications

“…1,2 Among these examples, polysaccharides such as HA, dextran, pullulan, and heparin are responsible to improve the solubility, dispersibility, and biocompatibility of nanohybrids. 3 Moreover, cationic polysaccharide CS can be used to deliver genes. 4 To realize biocompatibility and active targeting, we utilized HA to construct polysaccharide−inorganic nanohybrids.…”

“…Polysaccharides can be modified on the surface of the as-synthesized inorganic nanoparticles through chemical bonding or self-assembly strategy to construct nanohybrids. , Among these examples, polysaccharides such as HA, dextran, pullulan, and heparin are responsible to improve the solubility, dispersibility, and biocompatibility of nanohybrids . Moreover, cationic polysaccharide CS can be used to deliver genes .…”

“…Polysaccharide-based hybrid hydrogels have been recognized as promising candidates for tissue engineering . Polysaccharides forming hydrogels can be alginate, CS, HA, chondroitin sulfate, dextran, or several kinds of polysaccharides. , Versatile types of hybrid hydrogels composed of polysaccharides and inorganic nanoparticles such as alginate-Au@Pt, alginate-bioactive glass, CS-MoS 2 , HA-SiSr, and chondroitin sulfate-bioactive glass hydrogels have been reported to realize wound healing, bone regeneration or myocardial repair. For example, hybrid hydrogels composed of alginate and neodymium-doping bioactive glass can be used for burn tissue repair .…”

“…Hybrids composed of polysaccharides and inorganic nanoparticles have attracted increasing attention in the biomedical field due to their satisfying performance. − As an important type of natural polymers readily available from renewable sources (plants, animals and microbes), polysaccharides are composed of glucopyranose units which are joined covalently through glucosidic bands, with various confirmations, including random coil, helix, worm-like, and aggregate . In addition, they possess favorable biocompatibility, stability, bioactivity, and abundant active groups availability for chemical modification, which are considered as ideal candidates to fabricate multifunctional platforms for diverse biomedical applications. , On the other side, inorganic nanoparticles are widely utilized based on their unique physicochemical properties .…”

Multifunctional Oxygen-Generating Nanoflowers for Enhanced Tumor Therapy

“…The vacuoles that originated persist, grow, and eventually explode in the tissue, producing localized thermal and cytotoxic effects, including hyperoxidative cellular structural damage and acoustodynamic effects such as shearing stress and shock waves. At the same time, the bursting of the vacuole causes cell membrane disruption, allowing drugs and other substances to enter the cell passively. , However, a single SDT has limited effect on tumor inhibition. , Relevant studies have revealed that ultrasound can be used to increase the chemotherapeutic drug uptake by cancer cells, thus reducing the poisonous side effects on healthy cells and organizations. , Despite the anticipated favorable therapeutic effect of combining chemotherapy and SDT, the efficacy of treatment is compromised primarily due to tumor hypoxia resulting from aberrant cancer cell proliferation and distorted tumor vasculatures. , SDT works by turning oxygen into deadly singlet oxygen ( 1 O 2 ) causing cells; thus, the hypoxic environment of the tumor greatly limited oxygen utilization and reduced the efficiency of SDT. , In addition, the hypoxia condition in the tumor will trigger the hypoxia-inducible factor α (HIF-1α) and subsequently increase the expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), thereby inducing the transportation of chemotherapeutic drugs outside the cancer cells and leading to drug resistance. − Therefore, tumor hypoxia is of paramount importance in furthering the therapeutic effect of SDT. Recent studies have revealed that manganese oxide (MnO 2 ) can produce oxygen by reacting with extra hydrogen dioxide in the microenvironment of tumor to alleviate hypoxia. − For efficient SDT and chemotherapy, the fabrication of nanocarriers with a high drug loading capacity is crucial.…”