Polysaccharide‐Based Stimulus‐Responsive Nanomedicines for Combination Cancer Immunotherapy

Abstract

According to the World Health Organization, there were approximately 9.96 million deaths from cancer in 2020. Although researchers are actively searching for new treatments, the outcomes have been unsatisfactory, with limited improvement in the five-year survival rates. [2] Until now, immunotherapy has become one of the four pillars of clinical cancer treatment, along with surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. [3] It endows the body with the ability to eliminate tumors and prevent recurrence by stimulating the immune system, thus extending the survival time of patients. [4] Checkpoint inhibitors, pericyte therapy, lymphocyte-promoting cytokines, agonistic antibodies against co-stimulatory receptors, and cancer vaccines have been developed in recent years. [5] Due to the limited targeting and inherent toxicity of immune medicines, systemic use may result in autoimmune illness or non-specific inflammation. [6,7] In addition, tumor heterogeneity, clonal diversity, complex genetic mutations, and complex microenvironment all contribute to the poor outcomes of current tumor treatments. [8,9] Fortunately, previous studies have demonstrated that chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal therapy (PTT) can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), which can enhance the immunotherapy effect. [10,11] However, the precise delivery of the co-therapeutic agents to the tumor site becomes the main challenge. [12] The rapid development of nanotechnology has promoted the application of nanomedicines in tumor therapy. [13] Nanomedicines can accumulate at tumor sites via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect and deliver drugs to specific tumor cells, thereby reducing off-target toxicity. [14,15] Notably, stimulus-responsive nanomedicines as a promising drug delivery method have received more and more attention. [16,17] The smart nano-platforms can achieve rapid drug release in response to external stimulus (ultrasound, mechanical stimuli, magnetic fields, lasers, etc.) or internal stimulus in the tumor microenvironment (TME) (weak acidity, high glutathione (GSH) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS), enzymes, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), etc.), thus improving tumor treatment outcomes. [18] Polysaccharides, a family of potential biomaterials, possess unique advantages such as unique physicochemical properties, Cancer immunotherapy is a promising antitumor approach, whereas nontherapeutic side effects, tumor microenvironment (TME) intricacy, and low tumor immunogenicity limit its therapeutic efficacy. In recent years, combination immunotherapy with other therapies has been proven to considerably increase antitumor efficacy. However, achieving codelivery of the drugs to the tumor site remains a major challenge. Stimulus-responsive nanodelivery systems show controlled drug delivery and precise drug release. Polysaccharides, a family of potential biomaterials, are widely used in the development of stimulus-responsive nanomedicines due to their unique physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and modifiab...

Recent progress in lactate oxidase-based drug delivery systems for enhanced cancer therapy

“…72 In recent years, a number of LOX delivery applications have used a variety of MOF materials. 34,[73][74][75][76] Table 2 summarises the LOXbased organic-inorganic hybrid nanocomposites used for tumour therapy.…”

“…90,91 Due to its unique properties, The synergistic effect of the two factors significantly enhanced the levels of M1 macrophages in TME, thereby enhancing macrophage-mediated cancer immunotherapy. 74 ZIF-67 has a unique photothermal property that facilitates the combination of nanoplatforms with PTT. However, the studies and applications of ZIF-67 in drug delivery have been less in-depth than the studies regarding ZIF-8.…”

1D Sb2S3 with Strong Mie Resonance Toward Highly‐Sensitive Polarization‐Discriminating Photodetection and Its Application in High‐Temperature‐Proof Imaging and Dual‐Channel Communications

“…Thus far, researchers around the world have developed a large number of competitive low-dimensional vdW material photodetectors. [12][13][14][15][16][17] From the perspective of microscopic crystal structure, low-dimensional vdW materials can generally be classified into three categories, including 0D vdW materials, [18][19][20][21] 1D vdW materials, [22][23][24][25][26] and 2D vdW materials. [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] Compared to the 0D and 2D counterparts, 1D vdW materials commonly host unique chain-like lattice structures, and therefore these materials are inclined to spontaneously form nanorod/nanowire/nanobelt/nanotube-like crystal morphology.…”

A Biomimetic Multifunctional Nanoframework for Symptom Relief and Restorative Treatment of Acute Liver Failure

“…In recent years, various types of nanoparticle-based delivery systems for controlled and sustained drug release, the transportation of insoluble drugs, and targeted therapy have been reported for the treatment of human diseases, including liver diseases. , However, their controlled release properties and targeting efficiency are unsatisfactory in complicated biological environments, partly due to their inherent immunogenicity, poor stability and dispersion, and rapid clearance in vivo . − Therefore, enhancing the specificity and prolonging the circulation time of drugs and reducing their aggregation at nontarget sites are highly important for the clinical translation of nanopreparations. In recent years, the development of cell membrane-coated nanoparticles for high-efficiency and low-toxicity treatment has achieved great success. , Notably, it has been reported that nanoparticles coated with erythrocyte membranes, which contain membrane protein complexes that are crucial for immune tolerance, can prolong the circulation time of nanomaterials in blood and thus improve their therapeutic effects .…”