Polypropylene foams under CO2 batch conditions: From formulation and rheological modeling to cell-growth simulation

Rainglet, Benoit; Chalamet, Yvan; Bounor‐Legaré, Véronique; Delage, Karim; Forest, Charlene L.; Cassagnau, Philippe

doi:10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123496

Cited by 21 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…The strain hardening phenomenon and the maximal Hencky strain at break have been proven to be a relevant criterion to predict the ability to foam for neat polymer 13,[15][16][17][18] . Based on these extensional rheological results, the TPV/Resol samples (strain hardening) are expected to have a great ability to foam, in contrast to TPV/DCP samples which are expected to exhibit low foaming ability.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As the level of cross-linking of the elastomer phase influences the elasticity of the overall polymer blend, it would influence the foaming behavior, for example an over-crosslinked rubber induces a low foaming capacity. 12 The significance of the strain hardening on the foamability is well known, especially for polypropylene; [13][14][15][16][17][18] however, the influence of the non-linear extensional viscosity has not been investigated in many details for complex blend such as TPV. Nevertheless, the importance of non-linear viscosity on TPE foaming has already been demonstrated by increasing the branching level 19 which resulted on increasing the strain hardening.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The significance of the strain hardening on the foamability is well known, especially for polypropylene; 13–18 however, the influence of the non-linear extensional viscosity has not been investigated in many details for complex blend such as TPV. Nevertheless, the importance of non-linear viscosity on TPE foaming has already been demonstrated by increasing the branching level 19 which resulted on increasing the strain hardening.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extensional rheology and CO₂ foaming of thermoplastics vulcanizates: Influence of the crosslinking chemistry

Rainglet

Hel

Chalamet

et al. 2022

Journal of Cellular Plastics

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The objective of this study is to investigate the ability of thermoplastic vulcanizates (TPVs) (materials based on PP/EPDM blend) to foam under CO2 batch conditions. The EPDM phase, which is dispersed into the PP phase, was dynamically crosslinked either by a phenolic resin (Resol) or by a radical peroxide (dicumyl peroxide). The results show an influence of the crosslinking chemistry on the extensional viscosity of the TPV. Regarding radical chemistry, the peroxide induces polypropylene degradation by β-scission reaction during the dynamic crosslinking process. As a result, the ability of the TPV to deform under extensional flow (Hencky deformation at break <0.5) is greatly reduced. On the contrary, the Resol-based TPV has demonstrated a non-linear viscosity behaviour (strain hardening) and a great ability to deform (Hencky deformation at break >1.5). This unexpected result for a non-homogeneous system can be explained by the confinement of the PP phase between EPDM nodules which gives to the PP chains a gel rheological behaviour. In addition, the influence of the addition of carbon black filler has also been studied. Finally, the relationship between extensional viscosity and physical foaming has been investigated. As for a homogeneous polymer, the extensional viscosity has been proved to be a key factor to estimate the foaming behaviour of complex systems like TPV. Hence, the importance of non-linear viscosity for a multi-phasic polymer to ensure foaming ability has been demonstrated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extensional rheology and CO₂ foaming of thermoplastics vulcanizates: Influence of the crosslinking chemistry

Rainglet

Hel

Chalamet

et al. 2022

Journal of Cellular Plastics

Self Cite

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“…Therefore, it is vital to design the foam properties prior to preparing the foam material for any specific applications. Many studies are reported on different control strategies for controlling cell properties like selecting optimum foaming conditions (Mantaranon & Chirachanchai, 2016), utilizing nucleating agent (Chauvet et al, 2016), controlling the polymer rigidity (rheological properties) (Lee et al, 2016;Rainglet et al, 2021), performing a different method of foaming (Solbakken et al, 2021;Muayad et al, 2020), utilizing different blowing agent (Coste et al, 2020), selecting an appropriate pair of polymers in case of polymer blend foam is desired and many more methods. Zakyan et al (2014), for example, controlled foam morphology of Polystyrene (PS) via surface chemistry, size, and concentration of nanosilica particles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Understanding of Pore Properties of polystyrene-b-polybutadiene-b-polystyrene (SEBS) Foam Effect on Thermal Conductivity Using Numerical Analysis

Zulkarnain¹,

Sharudin²,

Ohshima³

2022

IJTech

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Thermoplastic elastomer Polystyrene-b-polybutadiene-b-polystyrene (SEBS) foams are prepared by using carbon dioxide (CO2) as a blowing agent via a pressure quench method. During the foaming process, various pore shapes are developed inside the foam, which is influenced by several parameters such as rigidity, solubility, and diffusivity of CO2. A previous study revealed the theory of how SEBS foams may shrink due to low rigidity and high CO2 diffusivity, but empirical verification on how the final cell properties like cell shape, cell size, cell distribution, and percentage of porosity may affect the thermal conductivity of SEBS foam is challenging to represent experimentally. This is due to difficulty in preparing foam samples at different cell shapes for the same polymer, different percentages of porosity, and cell distribution while keeping the same cell size of the SEBS foam. This paper discussed how numerical analysis is employed to investigate various properties of pores such as cell shape, cell size, cell distribution, and percentage of porosity on the thermal conductivity. The simulation results are corroborated with experimental value where the reduction of thermal conductivity is observed with a higher percentage of porosity which is shown by all cell shapes foam such as spherical, ellipse, and irregular.

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“…Some researchers investigated single-bubble growth models, and the analytical solution was obtained by solving the control equations. [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] Plesset et al [9][10][11][12] investigated the growth of single bubble in single-component superheated fluid, supercooled fluid, and supersaturated fluid. They believed that superheated or supercooled temperature was the cause of bubble growth.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical simulation of polymethyl‐methacrylate supercritical fluid foaming process: Bubble growth dynamics

Zhu

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Control of cell structure is an important factor of fabricating polymer foam, which is related to technological design and product performance. In this article, a multibubble growth model of polymethyl-methacrylate (PMMA) is established based on supercritical fluid foaming method and fluid simulation, aiming to analyze and predict the effects of foaming conditions (foaming temperature and foaming pressure) on the cell structures of PMMA foams. The bubble growth process is endothermic, resulting in a drop of temperature in PMMA/CO 2 system, a decrease in diffusion coefficient and an increase in surface tension and viscosity, thereby preventing bubble growth. The pressure in the outer cells decreases faster than the pressure in the inner cells, causing the outer cells preferentially grow and deform, and will limit the growth of the inner cells. An empirical formula for the average cell size and foaming conditions is obtained.

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Polypropylene foams under CO2 batch conditions: From formulation and rheological modeling to cell-growth simulation

Cited by 21 publications

References 24 publications

Extensional rheology and CO₂ foaming of thermoplastics vulcanizates: Influence of the crosslinking chemistry

Extensional rheology and CO₂ foaming of thermoplastics vulcanizates: Influence of the crosslinking chemistry

Towards Understanding of Pore Properties of polystyrene-b-polybutadiene-b-polystyrene (SEBS) Foam Effect on Thermal Conductivity Using Numerical Analysis

Numerical simulation of polymethyl‐methacrylate supercritical fluid foaming process: Bubble growth dynamics

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Polypropylene foams under CO2 batch conditions: From formulation and rheological modeling to cell-growth simulation

Cited by 21 publications

References 24 publications

Extensional rheology and CO2 foaming of thermoplastics vulcanizates: Influence of the crosslinking chemistry

Extensional rheology and CO2 foaming of thermoplastics vulcanizates: Influence of the crosslinking chemistry

Towards Understanding of Pore Properties of polystyrene-b-polybutadiene-b-polystyrene (SEBS) Foam Effect on Thermal Conductivity Using Numerical Analysis

Numerical simulation of polymethyl‐methacrylate supercritical fluid foaming process: Bubble growth dynamics

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Product

Resources

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Extensional rheology and CO₂ foaming of thermoplastics vulcanizates: Influence of the crosslinking chemistry

Extensional rheology and CO₂ foaming of thermoplastics vulcanizates: Influence of the crosslinking chemistry