Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy

Abstract

A 76-year-old, hypertensive lady, presented with a three year history of gradual decrease in vision in her right eye. Examination revealed a large, bullous, serous pigment epithelial detachment (PED) of right fovea, a choroidal neovascular membrane, clusters of hard exudates, drusen and surrounding, multifocal, small PEDs. The left eye showed a series of small PEDs mostly on the inferior macula, pigmentary disturbance of the retinal pigment epithelium and scant hard exudates. A diagnosis of Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy was made. We decided to treat her with intravitreal Bevacizumab injections in her right eye. At 18 months of follow up, her PEDs had resolved and visual acuity had improved from 6/60 OD to 6/36.
 Key Words: Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy, Age Related Macular Degeneration, Pigment Epithelial Detachment, Choroidal Neovascular Membrane.

Challenges and Opportunities to the Foreign Policy of Pakistan in the Contemporary Era

“…Moreover, India and the West are in a fullfledged effort, including non-kinetic resources, to push Pakistan towards difficult political and economic positions. Pakistan is confronting hybrid warfare where the focus shifts to subversion social issues, ethnic, religious, and sectarianism (Nadeem, 2021) The author has highlighted that internal and external challenges, such as economic uncertainty and political vagueness due to severe incompetency and inexperienced leadership, impedes Pakistan from independent foreign policy formulation. Moreover, the most challenging task is dealing with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and getting rid of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF).…”