Polyphenolic content, antiradical activity, stability and microbiological quality of elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) extracts

Abstract

Background. The pharmaceutical and food industries expect detailed knowledge on the physicochemical properties of elderberry fruit extracts, their stability and microbiological quality, as well as the polyphenol content in elderberry cultivars. The characteristics of the extracts might be additionally modified by citric acid, which improves the stability of anthocyanins and protects processed fruits and syrups from pathogenic microorganisms. The choice of the method with citric acid was a consequence of the physicochemical characteristics of elderberry pigments, which are not stable under the effect of light in alcoholic solutions. The aim of study was to analyze the properties of elderberry fruit extracts regarding polyphenol content and antiradical activity, as well as their stability and microbiological quality. Material and methods. The plant material consisted of fruit from four cultivars (Alleso, Korsor, Sampo, Samyl) of black elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.). The following were determined in fruit extracts: polyphenolic content (HPLC), antiradical activity (ABTS and DPPH) and stability and microbiological quality. Results.The HPLC analysis of polyphenols demonstrated that the extracts from fruits collected from cv. Samyl had the highest 3-sambubioside cyanidin content and those from cv. Korsor contained the highest quantity of 3-glucoside cyanidin. The extracts from cv. Sampo fruit had a dominant 3-sambubioside-5-glucoside cyanidin and 3,5-diglucoside cyanidin content. The highest quercetin (5.92 mg 100 mg -1 of extract) and caffeic acid (1.21 mg 100 mg -1 of extract) content was found in fruit extracts from cv. Alleso. The cultivars Samyl and Korsor had a higher level of anthocyanins and higher antiradical activity (ABTS) in fruit extracts than cv. Alleso and Sampo. The antiradical activity (DPPH) of fruit extracts from elderberry cultivars assessed in this research was similar. The degradation index for all fruit extracts was similar (DI = 1.035). The microbiological species detected in extracts were classified as moulds (Penicillum sp., Aspergillus sp.) and yeasts (Rhodotorula sp., Torulopsis sp., Trichosporon sp., Saccharomyces sp.). Conclusions. The research findings may support the selection of certain cultivars for industrial applications. The high stability of anthocyanins and low level of microbiological impurities in elderberry extracts ensure the high quality of such a raw material in food and pharmaceutical processing.

Advantageous Extraction, Cleanup, and UHPLC-MS/MS Detection of Patulin Mycotoxin in Dietary Supplements and Herbal Blends Containing Hawberry from Crataegus spp.

“…and Aspergillus sp. mold strains were reported in the endopytic flora of the Krosor and Samyl industrial cultivars of elderberry ( Sambucus nigra L.) freshly harvested in northern regions of Poland [36].…”

Antiviral activity of Sambucus FormosanaNakai ethanol extract and related phenolic acid constituents against human coronavirus NL63

“…In addition, phenolic acid constituents of S.ambucus FormosanaNakai, including caffeic acid, caffeotannic acid, chlorogenic acid, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and gallic acid, have been identified as the members of the most important active components with anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor and anti-hepatotoxic activities (Chen et al, 2001;Liao et al, 2006;Yang and Lin, 2004;Zhang et al, 2010). Active components of Sambucus FormosanaNakai are similar to those of other Sambucus species, including Sambucus nigra L. and Sambucus lanceolata, which process antioxidant, antiradical, antiviral, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities (Barak et al, 2001;Krawitz et al, 2011;Mandrone et al, 2014;Pinto et al, 2017;Pliszka, 2017;Porter and Bode, 2017;Turek and Cisowski, 2007). Especially, the extract of Sambucus nigra L. exerts the antiviral activity against influenza A and B viruses, human immunodeficiency virus, and the herpes simplex virus type 1 (Krawitz et al, 2011;Serkedjieva et al, 1990;Zakay-Rones et al, 1995;Amoros et al, 1992;Mahmood et al, 1993;Roschek et al, 2009).…”

The Content of Selected Minerals, Bioactive Compounds and the Antioxidant Properties of the Flowers and Fruit of Selected Cultivars and Wildly Growing Plants of <em>Sambucus nigra</em>

“…Our study suggests that the fruit of 'Sampo' has higher antioxidant capacity than the fruit of 'Samyl'. But this difference may be due to other factors, especially that other studies suggest the opposite [23].…”

“…What is more, according to the earlier work of the same author [31], the fruit of 'Haschberg' had less anthocyanins than the fruit of 'Sampo' and 'Samyl'. Pliszka 2017 [23] showed recently that the fruit of 'Samyl' contained more anthocyanins that the fruit of 'Sampo'. There must be some additional factors involved here since our study shows that 'Sampo' is richer in anthocyanins than 'Samyl'.…”