Polyphenolic changes in ripening bird-resistant sorghums

Bullard, Roger W.; York, J. O.; Kilburn, Stephen R.

doi:10.1021/jf00107a022

Cited by 31 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…This remains a hypothesis, as we were not able to demonstrate a stoichiometric HCN release from dhurrin upon addition of almond BGD to sorghum grain homogenates indicating the presence of inhibitors, which may or may not inhibit the release upon consumption by birds. The deterrent effect of dhurrin may be augmented by the presence of high amounts of PAs, which have previously been shown to deter birds and other grain predators [71]. Our analysis did not quantify the PA concentration, as no standards were available, but research show that sorghum grains have a very high PA abundance compared to other food plants [72].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dhurrin metabolism in the developing grain of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench investigated by metabolite profiling and novel clustering analyses of time-resolved transcriptomic data

et al. 2016

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BackgroundThe important cereal crop Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench biosynthesize and accumulate the defensive compound dhurrin during development. Previous work has suggested multiple roles for the compound including a function as nitrogen storage/buffer. Crucial for this function is the endogenous turnover of dhurrin for which putative pathways have been suggested but not confirmed.ResultsIn this study, the biosynthesis and endogenous turnover of dhurrin in the developing sorghum grain was studied by metabolite profiling and time-resolved transcriptome analyses. Dhurrin was found to accumulate in the early phase of grain development reaching maximum amounts 25 days after pollination. During the subsequent maturation period, the dhurrin content was turned over, resulting in only negligible residual dhurrin amounts in the mature grain. Dhurrin accumulation correlated with the transcript abundance of the three genes involved in biosynthesis. Despite the accumulation of dhurrin, the grains were acyanogenic as demonstrated by the lack of hydrogen cyanide release from macerated grain tissue and by the absence of transcripts encoding dhurrinases. With the missing activity of dhurrinases, the decrease in dhurrin content in the course of grain maturation represents the operation of hitherto uncharacterized endogenous dhurrin turnover pathways. Evidence for the operation of two such pathways was obtained by metabolite profiling and time-resolved transcriptome analysis. By combining cluster- and phylogenetic analyses with the metabolite profiling, potential gene candidates of glutathione S-transferases, nitrilases and glycosyl transferases involved in these pathways were identified. The absence of dhurrin in the mature grain was replaced by a high content of proanthocyanidins. Cluster- and phylogenetic analyses coupled with metabolite profiling, identified gene candidates involved in proanthocyanidin biosynthesis in sorghum.ConclusionsThe results presented in this article reveal the existence of two endogenous dhurrin turnover pathways in sorghum, identify genes putatively involved in these transformations and show that dhurrin in addition to its insect deterrent properties may serve as a storage form of reduced nitrogen. In the course of sorghum grain maturation, proanthocyanidins replace dhurrin as a defense compound. The lack of cyanogenesis in the developing sorghum grain renders this a unique experimental system to study CNglc synthesis as well as endogenous turnover.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3360-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dhurrin metabolism in the developing grain of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench investigated by metabolite profiling and novel clustering analyses of time-resolved transcriptomic data

et al. 2016

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“…As a matter of fact, polyphenolic compounds are plant secondary metabolites (PSM) which exert to some extent a protective measure for allowing the development of vegetal tissues and organs [2], conferring resistance against predators, above all birds [3,4] and greenbugs [5] and microbial infection, like moulds [4,6] and bacteria [7][8][9], but also showing some ecological impact by a given control of vegetal sprouting: tannins bond to nitrogen in decaying vegetal tissue, contribute to the limitation of new organic matter building up in the soil [10]. From a nutritional point of view, high tannins diets consumption leads to different episodes in humans and animals.…”

Section: Biological Role Of Polyphenolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dose-Response Relationship between Dietary Polyphenols from Acorns and Parotid Gland Hypertrophy in Pigs

Cappai¹,

Wolf²,

Pinna³

et al. 2012

FNS

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Proline contents of parotid glands (PG) in pigs constantly increase after the inclusion of different amounts of ripe hulled acorns in the diet providing high polyphenols levels. The dose-response relationship was estimated on natural hydrolizable tannins (expressed as tannic acid equivalent TAE) amounts of 25.8 to 36.1 g TAE/kg DM in experimental diets. Macroscopic and histological morphometry of parotid glands greatly varied according to feed intake and dosages of TAE ingested. The PG response (hypertrophy grade) on acorns' tannins content in the diet was positively correlated (R 2 = 0.748): the response to the protein precipitating activity (PPA) of tannins consisted of a functional parotidomegaly (hypertrophy), 1.34 up to 3.55 folds than control PGs, following an oral dosage 0.596 up 1.72 TAE g·kg -1 body weight·d -1 respectively, after one week exposure.

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“…One such strategy is the development of bird-resistant varieties, ' Manuscript received 20 February 1992;revised 17 August 1992;accepted 19 August 1992. an approach that has been used with pears (Greig-Smith et al 1983), maize (Dolbeer et al 1988), and sorghum (Bullard et al 1981). One such strategy is the development of bird-resistant varieties, ' Manuscript received 20 February 1992;revised 17 August 1992;accepted 19 August 1992. an approach that has been used with pears (Greig-Smith et al 1983), maize (Dolbeer et al 1988), and sorghum (Bullard et al 1981).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction Between Sensory and Postingestional Repellents in Starlings: Methyl Anthranilate and Sucrose

Clark¹,

Mason²

1993

Ecological Applications

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Ingestion of concentrated sucrose solutions causes sickness in sucrase-deficient birds. As a result, some suggest that sucrose may represent an environmentally safe avian repellent. In the present experiments, we compared the repellency of sucrose to that of methyl anthranilate (MA), a known avian repellent. We also tested mixtures of sucrose and MA to investigate whether repellency could be enhanced, relative to sucrose or MA presented alone. The results showed that the MA was strongly avoided in both drinking and feeding trials. Conversely, only high sucrose concentrations were avoided, and only in drinking trials. No combination of MA and sucrose was as effective as MA alone. We conclude that sucrose is not sufficiently aversive to serve as an avian repellent in the field.

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Polyphenolic changes in ripening bird-resistant sorghums

Cited by 31 publications

References 32 publications

Dhurrin metabolism in the developing grain of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench investigated by metabolite profiling and novel clustering analyses of time-resolved transcriptomic data

Dhurrin metabolism in the developing grain of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench investigated by metabolite profiling and novel clustering analyses of time-resolved transcriptomic data

Dose-Response Relationship between Dietary Polyphenols from Acorns and Parotid Gland Hypertrophy in Pigs

Interaction Between Sensory and Postingestional Repellents in Starlings: Methyl Anthranilate and Sucrose

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