“…Crucially, their associated chemical properties, such as redox potential, acidity, polarity, and surface charge distribution, can be precisely tailored to specific needs by adjusting factors like composition, size, shape, and counterion [ 34 , 35 ]. These outstanding features gift POMs with multifarious bioactivities in the fight against cancer, viruses, diabetes, and bacteria [ 27 , 31 , 33 , 36–39 ]. The pharmacological and biological attributes of POMs are largely ascribed to their interactions with proteins [ 33 , 40 , 41 ].…”