Polynuclear azaarenes in wood preservative wastewater

Adams, J. Hunter; Giam, C. S.

doi:10.1021/es00123a020

Cited by 32 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(30 reference statements)

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“…However, the oxygenated analogs 2( 1H)quinolinone and l(2H)isoquinolinone were present not only at site 53, where they occur in relatively high concentrations, but also in ground water samples collected from all the other sites. Because these compounds have not been identified previously in wood-preservative wastewater [23], the presence of these oxygenated analogs in anaerobic zones of the aquifer suggests that they are biotransformation products of reactions mediated by indigenous consortia of microorganisms. Log KO, values for these compounds are much lower than the partition coefficients of the parent azaarenes, quinoline and isoquinoline.…”

Section: Azaarenes In Ground Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate and movement of azaarenes and their anaerobic biotransformation products in an aquifer contaminated by wood‐treatment chemicals

Pereira

Rostad

Updegraff

et al. 1987

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

101

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Infiltration of wastes containing creosote and pentachlorophenol from surface impoundments at an abandoned wood‐treatment facility near Pensacola, Florida, resulted in contamination of the underlying sand and gravel aquifer. Pond sludges and sediments near the source were contaminated with 2‐ to 5‐ring azaarenes having log Kow values of from 2.0 to 5.6. However, the ground water contained only azaarenes and their oxygenated and methylated derivatives having log Kow values of less than 3.5. These compounds also were present in coal tar‐contaminated ground water at a site near St. Louis Park, Minnesota. Laboratory anaerobic degradation studies and on‐site observations indicated that oxygenated azaarenes probably were biotransformation products of reactions mediated by indigenous microbial populations. Microbial N‐methylation, C‐methylation and O‐methylation reactions are reported here for the first time. In the presence of nutrients and carbon sources such as acetate and propionate, all azaarenes studied were either partially or completely degraded. Evidence for the microbial degradation of azaarenes in ground water from anaerobic zones is presented. Oxygenated azaarenes were relatively more water‐soluble, mobile and persistent in hydrogeologic environments.

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Section: Azaarenes In Ground Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Fate and movement of azaarenes and their anaerobic biotransformation products in an aquifer contaminated by wood‐treatment chemicals

Pereira

Rostad

Updegraff

et al. 1987

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

101

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“…They can be of natural origin (e.g., alkaloids [1]), but high environmental concentrations in the field result from human activities such as combustion of fossil fuels [2], wood preserving [3,4], mining and chemical manufacturing [1], and coal-tar processing [5]. They can be of natural origin (e.g., alkaloids [1]), but high environmental concentrations in the field result from human activities such as combustion of fossil fuels [2], wood preserving [3,4], mining and chemical manufacturing [1], and coal-tar processing [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Azaarenes are derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in which one carbon atom is substituted by a nitrogen atom. They can be of natural origin (e.g., alkaloids [1]), but high environmental concentrations in the field result from human activities such as combustion of fossil fuels [2], wood preserving [3,4], mining and chemical manufacturing [1], and coal-tar processing [5]. Azaarenes have been identified in air [2], marine and freshwater environments (both in sediments and water columns) [6][7][8], and in groundwater [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Exposure to Azaarenes on Emergence and Mouthpart Development in the Midge Chironomus Riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Bleeker¹,

Leslie²,

Groenendijk³

et al. 1999

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Abstract-Adverse effects of azaarenes on emergence and mouthpart development of the midge Chironomus riparius were analyzed using six closely related three-ringed isomers and metabolites. Effects on growth rate were examined by comparing the average day of emergence of exposed midges with that of controls. Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in the pecten epipharyngis was examined as a measure of developmental abnormality. Delayed emergence was found at concentrations as low as 2% of the acute LC50, so emergence day appears to be a useful sensitive parameter to quantify life cycle effects. No differences in FA were found between exposed and control larvae, although, in other studies, all compounds have been proven to be genotoxic. The differences in the genotoxic and FA-inducing properties of these compounds indicate that different mechanisms are involved in expressing these adverse effects. This study also illustrates that the choice of the morphological parameter strongly influences the results of developmental disturbance analyses and thus the risk qualification of a potentially hazardous compound.

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“…This indicates that the wood preserving waste underwent a significant change after being added to the soil which resulted in at least one order of magnitude increase in direct mutagenicity in the waste amended soil [~'~~a 2(~.~]. These chemicals are present in the wood preserving waste sludge (Adams & Giam 1984) and can be potent direct acting mutagens (l~~n~~l~~ ~e c~~. The chemical analyses of solvent extracts of the waste amended soil collected by Donnelly et al (1987c) immediately and 540 days after sludge application were almost identical and, therefore, an explanation for why there was an increase in direct mutagenicity was not evident.…”

Section: Leachatementioning

confidence: 99%

Fate of Mutagenic Chemicals in Soil Amended Petroleum and Wood Preserving Sludges

1992

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A field study using monoliths (lysimeters) of a sandy clay loam soil was conducted to assess the fate of mutagenic chemicals after refinery and wood preserving bottom sediment sludges were land treated. The Ames Salmonelialmicrosome assay* was used to determine the direct (without metabolic activation, -S9) and indirect (with metabolic activation, + S9) mutagenicity of the wastes, unamended soil, waste amended soils, and leachate. Extracts having a mutagenic ratio (MR) (MR=No. colonies from sample extract/No, colonies from DMSO solvent control) of ≥ 2 were considered positively mutagenic. Extracts of the wood preserving waste sludge without activation were non-mutagenic (MR < 2) but extracts with activation (+ S9) produced very strong indirect mutagenicity (MR = 7.9). After soil incorporation, the waste amended soil produced very strong direct (MR =8.9) and indirect (MR = 11.9) mutagenicity by day 180 and remained mutagenic (MR = 5.7, -S9; MR = 3.95, + S9) through day 350. The amount of residue in leachate from the wood preserving waste amended lysimeters was significantly greater ( P <0.05) than the unamended soil during the first 90 days after waste application, but was not different after 90 days. The leachate residue from wood preserving waste amended lysimeters in the 90-180day period produced mutagenic responses both with (MR = 2.24 and 2.51) and without (MR = 2.29) activation. Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons were the main constituents identified in the leachate residues that produced a mutagenic response.Soil treatment of the refinery sludge reduced its weak indirect mutagenicity before soil incorporation (MR = 2) to non-mutagenic (MR =1.4) immediately following soil treatment. The MR of the waste amended soil increased to L7 by day 180 but by day 350 decreased to a level equal to that observed at day 0 (MR = 1.4). Leachate from the refinery amended lysimeters had significantly greater (P<0.05) amounts of organic residue than unamended lysimeters 180 to 350 days after waste application. The leachate from one refinery waste amended Ivsimeter (90-180 days after waste application) produced a mutagenic response (MR =3.16). The refinery sludge was detoxified shortly after soil treatment, but the wood preserving sludge required > 350 days to detoxify in the soil environment. The possibility exists that mobile mutagenic chemicals may leach into underlying groundwater from the treatment zone of soils amended with refinery and wood preserving sludges.

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Polynuclear azaarenes in wood preservative wastewater

Cited by 32 publications

References 23 publications

Fate and movement of azaarenes and their anaerobic biotransformation products in an aquifer contaminated by wood‐treatment chemicals

Fate and movement of azaarenes and their anaerobic biotransformation products in an aquifer contaminated by wood‐treatment chemicals

Effects of Exposure to Azaarenes on Emergence and Mouthpart Development in the Midge Chironomus Riparius (Diptera: Chironomidae)

Fate of Mutagenic Chemicals in Soil Amended Petroleum and Wood Preserving Sludges

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