ABSTRACT. The class of rings with projective left socle is shown to be closed under the formation of polynomial and power series extensions, direct products, and matrix rings. It is proved that a ring R has a projective left socle if and only if the right annihilator of every maximal left ideal is of the form ¡R, where / is an idempotent in R. This result is used to establish the closure properties above except for matrix rings. To prove this we characterise the rings of the title by the property of having a faithful module with projective socle, and show that if R has such a module, then so does M"(R).In fact we obtain more than Morita invariance.Also an example is given to show that eñe, for an idempotent e in a ring R with projective socle, need not have projective socle. The same example shows that the notion is not left-right symmetric.
Introduction.We recall that a study of rings with projective socle and containing no infinite sets of orthogonal idempotents was make by Gordon [8]. In the same paper he showed that S = Soc rR is projective and essential if and only if S has zero right annihilator. More recently Baccella [4] has provided a number of necessary and sufficient conditions for R to have projective socle, conditions originally given by Manocha [9] when the socle was known to be essential. One such condition is that soc rR is nonsingular. However all these statements explicitly involve the socle. Our characterizations are somewhat different in that they involve either the maximal left ideals of R or modules with projective socles. Theorem 2.4 provides a number of conditions equivalent to the statement that R has a projective socle.As examples of rings with projective socles we have semiprime rings, nonsingular rings, and PP-rings. It is well known that R is a semiprime ring if and only if R[x] is semiprime. It is an easy consequence of a theorem of Shock [11, Theorem 2.7] that the same holds for nonsingular rings. For PP-rings Armendariz [2] has shown that given a reduced ring R, R is a PP-ring if and only if R[x] is a PP-ring. The same result holds for Baer rings and Burgess [6] remarks in his review of [2] that the Baer ring result is true for R\[x]} whilst for PP-rings it is false. Further, the polynomial results are not true if the restriction to reduced rings is removed. In Theorem 3.1 we show that if R has a projective socle, then so does R[x] (and i? [[a;]]), but the converse is false.In the final section we establish Morita invariance. Our proof of this uses an extension of an idea of Amitsur [1]. We call a module a PS-module if it has