Polymorphism of floral type gene Cly1 and its association with thermal stress in barley

Abstract

Cleistogamy refers to a type of sexual breeding system with closed flowers. Cleistogamous flowers shed their pollen before flower opening, which leads to autogamy. Two SNPs in the open reading frame region of the Cly1 gene are associated with floral type. In the present study, we investigated the floral type of 436 barley accessions. Molecular markers were developed to genotype these barley accessions based on the two SNPs in the Cly1 gene region. The molecular markers explained floral type in 90% of the accessions. The Cly1 gene was sequenced in accessions with inconsistent genotype and phenotype. Thirteen SNPs were detected with ten new SNPs in the gene region. We further investigated whether floral type was associated with temperature stress tolerance in four field trials. One site experienced frost stress with a minimum temperature of -3.4°C during flowering. Grain fertility rates as low as 85% were observed at this site but ranged from 92–96% at the other three sites. The relationship between grain fertility rate and floral type under temperature stress was inconclusive. Some lines with higher grain fertility rates were identified under frost stress, and would be useful for frost stress studies in barley.

A novel case of autogamy and cleistogamy in Dendrobium wangliangii: A rare orchid distributed in the dry‐hot valley

“…This mode may be beneficial to enhance the adaptability of D. wangliangii to adverse environments, such as drought, short florescence, and pollinator‐scarce conditions (Abdel‐Ghani, Parzies, Omary, & Geiger, ; Miranda & Vieira, ). In addition, cleistogamy reduces the threat of genetic contamination and gene flow through crossing with other plants of the same species (Faisal et al, ; Travers, Anderson, Vitt, & Harris, ; Zou et al, ). Outcrossing has a selective advantage, such as maintaining high genetic diversity and avoiding sibling competition (Antlfinger, ; Cozzolino & Widmer, ; Culley & Klooster, ; Schmitt, Ehrhardt, & Swartz, ).…”

“…In general, cleistogamy is favored under adverse and stressful conditions (e.g., scarce-pollinator, water deficiencies), which are unsuitable for cross-pollination (Schemske, 1978;Solbrig, 1976 (Faisal et al, 2018;Travers, Anderson, Vitt, & Harris, 2018;Zou et al, 2018). Outcrossing has a selective advantage, such as maintaining high genetic diversity and avoiding sibling competition (Antlfinger, 1986;Cozzolino & Widmer, 2005;Culley & Klooster, 2007;Schmitt, Ehrhardt, & Swartz, 1985).…”

“…It refers to a pollination system in which unopened flowers are capable of autogamy resulting in fruit productions. This trait is an adaptive mechanism for retaining reproduction under poor growth conditions, such as drought, extreme airflow, and sunlight (Faisal et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2006;Lord, 1981;Zou, Zhou, Angessa, Zhang, & Li, 2018). In a majority of cleistogamous species, closed (cleistogamous, CL) and open flowers (chasmogamous, CH) usually occur on the same individuals during a single flowering season.…”

Genetic Improvement of Heat Stress Tolerance in Cereal Crops

“…Another beneficial flower characteristic for high-temperature tolerance is cleistogamy, a method of self-fertilization within closed flowers. Cleistogamy was hypothesized to decrease the severity of temperature stress-induced sterility in rice [76,77] and other cereal crops such as barley [78]. The temperature-sensitive cleistogamous rice mutant, superwoman1-cleistogamy (spw1-cls), only shows the mutant cleistogamous phenotype under constant warm day temperatures [76].…”