Polymicrobial Keratitis With Cryptococcus curvatus, Candida parapsilosis, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia After Penetrating Keratoplasty: A Rare Case Report With Literature Review

Ting, Darren Shu Jeng; Bignardi, G.E.; Koerner, Roland; Irion, Luciane; Johnson, Elizabeth; Morgan, Stephen J.; Ghosh, Saurabh

doi:10.1097/icl.0000000000000517

Cited by 35 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Moreover, it is well established that C. neoformans is responsible for the majority of cryptococcal infections, while C. deneoformans is less common [ 8 ]. Among Cryptococcus species outside of the C. neoformans / C. gattii species complex, the following species have been described as causing occasional infections in humans: C. laurentii [ 10 – 13 ], C. albidus [ 10 , 14 – 16 ], C. curvatus [ 17 , 18 ], C. uniguttulatus [ 19 ], and C. adeliensis [ 20 ]. Such casuistic infections, reviewed in literature most recently by Smith et al [ 21 ] can be also systemic in case of strains able to grow at 37°C.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Titan cell formation is unique to Cryptococcus species complex

2020

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Members of the Cryptococcus species complex stand out by unique virulence factors that allowed evolutionary transition to pathogenesis. Among the factors contributing to cryptococcosis is a morphological transformation into giant (Titan) cells. It remains unclear whether species outside of the C. neoformans / C. gattii species complex are capable of titanization. We utilized two recently developed protocols that allow obtaining Titan cells in vitro to test if titanization occurs in non- C. neoformans / C. gattii species. We find that none of the tested strains, representing 10 species of basidiomycetous yeasts and the ascomycetous yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , undergo significant titanization under conditions that promote robust Titan cell formation in C. neoformans / C. gattii species complex. C. terreus formed occasional enlarged cells through a mechanism potentially similar to that of titanization. Our findings suggest that titanization is a rare phenomenon among basidiomycetous yeasts that occurs mostly in members of the C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Titan cell formation is unique to Cryptococcus species complex

2020

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“…laurentii (Castro-Lainez et al, 2019), C. albidus (Choe et al, 2019), C. curvatus (Ting et al, 2019), C. uniguttulatus (McCurdy and Morrow, 2003), and C. adeliensis (Rimek et al, 2004), have been reported occasionally and generally in immunocompromised hosts.…”

Section: Cryptococcosismentioning

confidence: 99%

A global view on fungal infections in humans and animals: opportunistic infections and microsporidioses

et al. 2021

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After cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases are the second most common cause of death worldwide. Although these infections are caused mainly by viruses or bacteria, a systematically growing prevalence of human and animal opportunistic fungal infections is noticeable worldwide. More attention is being paid to this problem, especially due to the growing frequency of recalcitrant and recurrent mycoses. The latter are classically divided into superficial, which are the most common type, subcutaneous, and systemic. This work discusses opportunistic fungal pathogens without proven horizontal transmission between different animal species including humans and microsporidia as spore-forming unicellular parasites related to fungi; however, with a yet undetermined taxonomic position. The review also mentions etiological agents, risk factors, epidemiology, geographical distribution, and finally symptoms characteristic for individual disease entities. This paper provides insight into fungal infections from a global perspective and Accepted Article This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved simultaneously draws attention to emerging pathogens, whose prevalence is continuously increasing. Finally, this work also takes into consideration the correct nomenclature of fungal disease entities and the importance of secondary metabolites in the pathogenesis of fungal infections.

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“…will be used to refer to all these species to make it more understandable. The oldest data correspond to cases of F. uniguttulatum (1934), H. luteolus (1956), and F. magnus (1960) infections [10][11][12], while the most recent data correspond to reports of F. magnus (2018), C. curvatus (2018), and C. cyanovorans (2018) [3,13,14].…”

Section: Rare Cryptococcus Spp As Agents Of Human Mycosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After analyzing the published data, it is clear that molecular identification is mandatory to reach an unequivocal taxonomical classification of these rare Cryptococcus species. Sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) together with D1/D2 regions of the rDNA were the methods of choice for molecular identification [1,13,15,20,22,28] (Table 1). Despite this fact, only 43.4% of the strains (25 out 58) included in this review were identified by molecular methods.…”

Section: Direct Examination Indian Ink and Serologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Infections due to Rare Cryptococcus Species. A Literature Review

Morales-López

García‐Effrón

2021

JoF

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Infections due to rare Cryptococcus species (other than C. neoformans species complex, C. gattii species complex, C. albidus or C. laurentii) are barely reported. The aim of this work is to present a comprehensive literature review of all the papers describing infections due to these species referenced in the main databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Google Scholar). Clinical and epidemiological data together with laboratory findings (identification and antifungal susceptibility) of each isolate were analyzed. Fifty-eight cryptococosis due to rare species were described in 46 papers between 1934–2018. These reports included 16 rare Cryptococcus spp. that were generally associated with nervous system infections and fungemias. Some species are non-capsulated and are not able to grow at 37 °C. Few species were identified by commercially available methods, making internal transcriber spacer (ITS) and D1/D2 regions sequencing mandatory. The most potent antifungal was amphotericin B (although some species showed high MIC values). The studied strains showed high MICs values to 5-fluorocytosine (all >64 µg/mL), echinocandins (all >8 µg/mL), and fluconazole (>80% of the MICs >4 µg/mL). Due to the scarcity of the data and the absence of guidelines for the treatment of these infections, this review could be informative and could help in the diagnosis and treatment of these infections.

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Polymicrobial Keratitis With Cryptococcus curvatus, Candida parapsilosis, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia After Penetrating Keratoplasty: A Rare Case Report With Literature Review

Cited by 35 publications

References 16 publications

Titan cell formation is unique to Cryptococcus species complex

Titan cell formation is unique to Cryptococcus species complex

A global view on fungal infections in humans and animals: opportunistic infections and microsporidioses

Infections due to Rare Cryptococcus Species. A Literature Review

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