Polymers on snow: Toward skiing faster

Giesbrecht, Jan L.; Smith, Paul V.; Tervoort, Theo A.

doi:10.1002/polb.22033

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In [6], a laser-structured steel surface had, close to the melting point of ice, a smaller coefficient of friction on ice than a polished one. Analyses on the dependence of different polymer surfaces on snow friction were carried out by Giesbrecht et al [7] and Moldestad [8]. In both studies, the surface roughness had an effect on the measured time during gliding tests.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Friction Between Steel and Snow in Dependence of the Steel Roughness

et al. 2015

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The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the surface structure on the friction between steel and snow. On a linear tribometer positioned inside a cold laboratory, four steel skis with different running surfaces were tested over a wide range of velocity, snow temperature and normal force. The surface roughness was measured with a focus variation microscope. The friction tests showed that the surface roughness had a major effect on friction between steel and snow, with higher friction for smooth surfaces than for rough ones. The effect was particularly strong for temperatures close to the melting point, where the friction strongly increased for smooth surfaces. The degree of dependence was affected by the gliding speed, leading to two different kinds of velocity-dependent friction curves. Increased adhesion and wet friction due to an increase in contact area were interpreted as cause for the higher friction of smooth surfaces.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Friction Between Steel and Snow in Dependence of the Steel Roughness

et al. 2015

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“…[16]. In the case of miniature skis, Giesbrecht and colleagues [17] found that an optimal R a -value for the texture of the ski base was in the range of 0.5-1 µm. When Rohm and co-workers [18] compared two ski bases with completely different textures, they found that they performed similarly at −11.1 ○ C, but one performed better at lower and the other at higher temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of the Contact between Cross-Country Skis and Snow: A Micro-Scale Study Considering the Ski-Base Texture

Kalliorinne¹,

Persson²,

Sandberg³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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In winter sports, the equipment often comes into contact with snow or ice, and this contact generates a force that resists motion. In some sports, such as cross-country skiing, this resistive force can significantly affect the outcome of a race, as a small reduction in this force can give an athlete an advantage. Researchers have examined the contact between skis and snow in detail, and to fully understand this friction, the entire ski must be studied at various scales. At the macro scale, the entire geometry of the ski is considered and the apparent contact between the ski and the snow is considered and at the micro scale the contact between the snow and the ski base ski-base textures. In the present work, a method for characterising contact between the ski-base texture and virtual snow will be presented. Six different ski-base textures will be considered. Five of them are stone-ground ski bases, and three of them have linear longitudinal textures with a varying number of lines and peak-to-valley height, and the other two are factory-ground “universal” ski bases. The sixth ski base has been fabricated by a steel-scraping procedure. In general, the results show that a ski base texture with a higher Spk-value has less real contact area, and that the mutual differences can be large for surfaces with similar Sa-values. The average interfacial separation is, in general, correlated with the Sa-value, where a “rougher” surface exhibits a larger average interfacial separation. The results for the reciprocal average interfacial separation, which is related to the Couette type of viscous friction, were in line with the general consensus that a “rougher” texture performs better at high speed than a “smoother” one, and it was found that a texture with high Sa and Spk values resulted in a low reciprocal average interfacial separation and consequently low viscous friction. The reciprocal average interfacial separation was found to increase with increasing real contact area, indicating a correlation between the real area of contact and the Couette part of viscous friction.

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“…For skiing, friction-reducing efforts have focussed on structuring the UHMWPE base material by grinding (Rohm et al, 2015 , 2016 ), imprinting (Breitschädel et al, 2010 ; Nordin and Styring, 2014 ), and sanding (Giesbrecht et al, 2010 ). The development of glide waxes has been industry-driven, and little has reached the scientific literature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Polydimethylsiloxane Oil Lubrication on the Friction of Cross-Country UHMWPE Ski Bases on Snow

Buene

Auganæs

Klein-Paste

2022

Front. Sports Act. Living

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Silicone oils are known for their excellent lubricating properties, low toxicity and are ice-, snow-, and hydrophobic. With the upcoming ban on fluorine-containing glide products imposed by the International Ski Federation (FIS), novel glide enhancers for skis are desperately needed. Here, the effect of four silicone oil viscosities (10, 20, 50, and 100 cSt) have been evaluated at three temperatures and snow conditions ranging from −10 °C dry snow to +5 °C wet snow. In dry snow conditions, the shear forces introduced by the silicone oil film increased friction significantly compared to a ski without any treatment. On wet snow, the increased hydrophobicity from the silicone oils reduced the friction by 10%. While commercial glide wax outperformed the silicone oils, this study reports the silicone oils do have desirable friction reducing properties for wet conditions.

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Polymers on snow: Toward skiing faster

Cited by 20 publications

References 33 publications

Friction Between Steel and Snow in Dependence of the Steel Roughness

Friction Between Steel and Snow in Dependence of the Steel Roughness

Characterisation of the Contact between Cross-Country Skis and Snow: A Micro-Scale Study Considering the Ski-Base Texture

Effect of Polydimethylsiloxane Oil Lubrication on the Friction of Cross-Country UHMWPE Ski Bases on Snow

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