Polymerization of - Phenylmaleimide Initiated by 9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane

Polymerization of N‐phenylmaleimide with a rare‐earth coordination catalyst

“…Many studies have been carried out on the polymerization of N‐substituted maleimides because the polymers are among the most important resins in the aerospace/aircraft and electrics/electronics industries on account of their tractability, high thermal stability, high durability, fire resistance, radiation resistance, and relatively low cost 1–3. The radical and anionic polymerization behavior of N‐substituted maleimides and the thermal properties of the resulting polymers have been extensively studied by many researchers 4–15. However, the polymerizations of maleimide by coordination catalysts have been seldom reported.…”

Polymerization of N-phenylmaleimide Using Different Catalysts

“…Several catalysts or initiators used in polymerization have been studied. They include free-radical initiators (Cubbon, 1965), tert-butoxide potassium (Hagiwara, 1988), lanthanide complexes (Zhao, 2005), catalyst for rare-earth coordination , amines (Azechi, 2011), titanium nanocrystalline (Wang, 1999), organoaluminium initiators (Hagiwara, 1994), nonane 9-borabicyclo [3.3.1] ( Kanno, 1997), thiophenol (Takeishi, 1992) and tertiary amines (Seris, 1993) or imidazole (Ivanov, 1984). The search for new catalysts or initiators, however, has continued due to the industry and commercial significance of the problems that previous studies on the solution polymerization of N-PMI had to deal with, such as yield losses, low molecular weights, long response times, lack of solvents, catalyst removal from resultant polymers, and extreme conditions (in the dark, under nitrogen atmosphere, or at -78 °C) (Okamoto, 1991).…”

Simple and efficient anionic polymerization of N‐phenylmaleimide with fluorides as an initiator

“…The radical and anionic polymerization reactions of N ‐phenylmaleimide ( N ‐PMI) have been extensively investigated for decades . Many catalysts or initiators have been investigated, such as free‐radical initiators, potassium tert ‐butoxide, Lanthanide complexes, a rare‐earth coordination catalyst, amines, nanocrystalline titania, organoaluminum initiators, 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1] nonane, thiophenol, and tertiary amines or imidazoles . However, due to the industry and commercial importance, search for finding new catalysts or initiators has continued to overcome the difficulties encountered by previous studies on polymerization of PMI in solution including low yields, low molecular weights, long reaction times, limited solvents, removing catalyst from final polymers, and harsh polymerization conditions (in the dark, under nitrogen atmosphere or −78 °C).…”