Polymerization of Peptide Polymers for Biomaterial Applications

Baker, Peter J.; Numata, Keiji

doi:10.5772/46141

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…This has been the catalyst behind the long-standing curiosity in the use of these materials for TE products for medical implants. Discouragingly, most of the peptides and protein polymers have mechanical properties that are not conducive for the use of medical implants which require mechanical strength, such as scaffolds for bone regeneration, thus limiting their practical applications [ 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 ].…”

Section: Polymers As Biomaterials For Scaffoldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Review of Natural and Synthetic Biopolymer Composite Scaffolds

et al. 2021

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Tissue engineering (TE) and regenerative medicine integrate information and technology from various fields to restore/replace tissues and damaged organs for medical treatments. To achieve this, scaffolds act as delivery vectors or as cellular systems for drugs and cells; thereby, cellular material is able to colonize host cells sufficiently to meet up the requirements of regeneration and repair. This process is multi-stage and requires the development of various components to create the desired neo-tissue or organ. In several current TE strategies, biomaterials are essential components. While several polymers are established for their use as biomaterials, careful consideration of the cellular environment and interactions needed is required in selecting a polymer for a given application. Depending on this, scaffold materials can be of natural or synthetic origin, degradable or nondegradable. In this review, an overview of various natural and synthetic polymers and their possible composite scaffolds with their physicochemical properties including biocompatibility, biodegradability, morphology, mechanical strength, pore size, and porosity are discussed. The scaffolds fabrication techniques and a few commercially available biopolymers are also tabulated.

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Section: Polymers As Biomaterials For Scaffoldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Review of Natural and Synthetic Biopolymer Composite Scaffolds

et al. 2021

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“…Synthetic polymers have a broad range of biomedical applications, including use as absorbable sutures, orthopedic implants, and drug delivery carriers. This is because of their mechanical and physical properties that can be tailored to fit specific requirements such as biodegradability, mechanical strength, flexibility, solubility, and thermal properties. , Peptides derived from α-amino acids and polyesters derived from α-hydroxy acids are among the most commonly used synthetic biopolymers . These biopolymers have been investigated for a variety of biomedical applications including use as drug delivery carriers and tissue engineering scaffolds. , Notably, aliphatic polyesters derived from α-hydroxy acids such as lactide and glycolide have generated significant interest owing to their long-standing safety record.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 1 , 2 Peptides derived from α-amino acids and polyesters derived from α-hydroxy acids are among the most commonly used synthetic biopolymers. 3 These biopolymers have been investigated for a variety of biomedical applications including use as drug delivery carriers and tissue engineering scaffolds. 3 , 4 Notably, aliphatic polyesters derived from α-hydroxy acids such as lactide and glycolide have generated significant interest owing to their long-standing safety record.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 3 These biopolymers have been investigated for a variety of biomedical applications including use as drug delivery carriers and tissue engineering scaffolds. 3 , 4 Notably, aliphatic polyesters derived from α-hydroxy acids such as lactide and glycolide have generated significant interest owing to their long-standing safety record. They degrade in vivo into their acid counterparts that further metabolize to H 2 O and CO 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of Polypeptides and Poly(α-hydroxy esters) from Aldehydes Using Strecker Synthesis

Abtew,

Domb

2023

ACS Omega

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This report presents a versatile approach for the synthesis of new polypeptide and polyester-based biomaterials. The well-established Strecker reaction was utilized, with hexanal serving as the model aldehyde, to synthesize α-amino and α-hydroxy acids as monomer units for the polymer system. Following the formation of the corresponding amino and hydroxy acid monomers, they were subsequently converted to N-carboxy and O-carboxy-anhydrides. The resultant cyclic anhydride molecules were then polymerized via ring-opening polymerization to yield the corresponding polypeptides and polyesters. This report establishes a straightforward methodology for the synthesis of new polypeptide and poly(a-hydroxy acid)-based biomaterials, thereby expanding the existing library of polymers for various biomedical applications.

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“…The release of amino acid from the resin is achieved through hydrogen fluoride (HF), which does not affect the peptide linkage [12]. Later in the 1980s, researchers realized the formation of polypeptides through enzyme mediation, using protease to form peptide bonds from acetyl-protected amino acids [13]. Both these methods unitize protected amino acids as their monomers and are more suitable for short-chain synthesis because of the stepwise reaction.…”

Section: Introduction Of Synthesis Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward industrial scale-up of polypeptide synthesis: analysis of monomer suitability

Zhao

2023

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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Polypeptide is a class of biopolymers that mimic the structure and properties of natural proteins, which makes it fitting for biological applications. The biodegradability and biocompatibility from the peptide backbones combined with the tunability from synthetic chemistry allow for long-chain polypeptides to function for drug delivery, tissue grafting, and gene therapy. Currently, long-chain polypeptides (≥100 amino acids) are not synthesized on a commercial scale (>100 kg.) Based on the potential applications, the optimization of polypeptide production should be discussed at the current stage. Since the majority of the polypeptide synthesis depends on the production of monomer and the polymerization of the monomer into polypeptides, choosing the most suitable monomer for industrial application is critical in designing a polypeptide production line. Based on an industrial standpoint, the ideal monomer should be synthesized conveniently, stored and transported easily, and polymerized efficiently. This article aims to compare and examine the four major groups of monomers used in a laboratory setting: protect amino acid, N-carboxyanhydride (NCA), N-thiocarboxyanhydride (NTA), and N-phenoxycarbonyl-functionalized α-amino acid (NPCA) based on the industrialization criteria stated above, using past experimental results. In the end, NPCA proves to be the most suitable monomer for industrial purposes. Like NCA, NPCA can be synthesized efficiently and can be polymerized into a diverse collection of polypeptides both based on conjugation and structure. Like NTA, NPCA can be synthesized and stored in an open-air environment. Still, NPCA has disadvantages in polymerization efficiency, requiring multiple days for long-chain polymers. Potentially, by increasing the leaving group conjugated to the amino acid, improvement can be made to the polymerization efficiency.

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Polymerization of Peptide Polymers for Biomaterial Applications

Cited by 6 publications

References 94 publications

A Comparative Review of Natural and Synthetic Biopolymer Composite Scaffolds

A Comparative Review of Natural and Synthetic Biopolymer Composite Scaffolds

Synthesis of Polypeptides and Poly(α-hydroxy esters) from Aldehydes Using Strecker Synthesis

Toward industrial scale-up of polypeptide synthesis: analysis of monomer suitability

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