Polymerization of Miniemulsions Prepared from Polystyrene in Styrene Solutions. 1. Benchmarks and Limits

Miller, Christopher M.; Sudol, E. David; Silebi, C. A.; El‐Aasser, M. S.

doi:10.1021/ma00112a022

Cited by 82 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Several authors reported the effect of sonication conditions on droplet size. 22,23 The main conclusion is that we can produce smaller initial droplets at the same surfactant and hydrophobe concentrations by providing more energy during this stage of emulsification. Thus, the time of ultrasonification was kept constant during all of the preparations so we would be able to compare the runs on an equal footing.…”

Section: Stabilization Systems For Styrene Miniemulsionsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Study of compartmentalization in the polymerization of miniemulsions of styrene and butyl methacrylate

Ouzineb

Graillat

McKenna

2003

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Different surfactant and costabilization systems were studied for the miniemulsion polymerizations of styrene (St) and of butyl methacrylate (BMA). It was found that the combination of sodium dodecyl sulfate, Triton X-405, and octadecyl acrylate yielded excellent results. With this system all of the droplets initially present in the reactor polymerized. This stabilization system was then used in the study of compartmentalization of the monomer droplets in miniemulsion polymerization. Blends of BMA and St miniemulsions were prepared separately and polymerized together to study mass transfer in this system. It was observed that no matter is exchanged between the different phases. This compartmentalization was also demonstrated and exploited by producing a bimodal molecular weight distributions latex, achieved with a semicontinuous process. The lower MWD was created by adding a second miniemulsion containing a transfer agent.

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Section: Stabilization Systems For Styrene Miniemulsionsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Study of compartmentalization in the polymerization of miniemulsions of styrene and butyl methacrylate

Ouzineb

Graillat

McKenna

2003

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…Recently the preparation of miniemulsions using the water-insoluble 1-dodecanethiol 4) or reactive alkyl methacrylates 5) was described. It was also shown 6) that the presence of minor amounts of high molecular weight polystyrene positively influences the polymerization behavior of styrene miniemulsions, i. e., faster polymerization and smaller particle sizes are obtained, and it was speculated about the reasons resulting in this effect 7) . It is the classical picture that the small size of the droplets is the result of homogenizing the oil-water mixture by subjecting the system to very high shear, and that those nanodroplets are stabilized for sufficiently long times only by the appropriate surfactant/cosurfactant combination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the preservation of the particle identity in miniemulsion polymerization

Landfester¹,

Bechthold

Förster

et al. 1999

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

174

154

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SUMMARY: A combination of small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), conductivity, and surface tension measurements is used to show that the primary droplets in miniemulsion polymerization have the same size and the same size distribution as the final particles. It is also shown that hexadecane employed as a cosurfactant is homogeneously dispersed in the droplets and does not possess any interface activity. The presented data support that a 1 : 1 copy from monomer droplets to polymer particles is achieved.

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“…It is seen that the rate of polymerization decreases evidently when the amount of PU1 is increased from 2 to 4 wt % based on the monomer amount, which is consistent with the results reported in the literature for St miniemulsion with polystyrene as the sole costabilizer. 6 In the polymerization rate of the miniemulsion prepared with 8 wt %, however, an interesting phenomenon was found in that its polymerization rate was lower at first and became higher after some time than that of the two miniemulsions above. The evolution of the particle sizes in Figure 1(b) show that the particle size of the miniemulsion with 8 wt % PU1 became smaller than with 2 and 4 wt % PU1 after conversion around 10 and 35%, respectively, and decreased continuously until 92% conversion.…”

Section: Effect Of the Carboxylated Polyurethane Amountmentioning

confidence: 94%

Styrene miniemulsion polymerization stabilized by carboxylated polyurethane. II. Kinetics

Zhang

Lee

Cheong

et al. 2003

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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A styrene miniemulsion was prepared using carboxylated polyurethane as the sole costabilizer and sodium dodecyl sulfate as the surfactant. The effects of the amount of carboxylated polyurethane, the amount of the initiator and surfactant, the presence of a water-phase inhibitor (sodium nitrite), and the reaction temperature on the kinetics of the miniemulsion polymerization were investigated. The evolution of the particle size during the polymerization was measured. The results show that the polymerization rate was proportional to the 0.21 power of the surfactant concentration and the 0.30 power of azobisisobutyronitrile. The droplet nucleation and homogeneous nucleation were found to be coexistent in the polymerization. The hydrophility of the particle surface plays a key role in the nucleation of the particle and, therefore, has an important effect on the kinetics of the polymerization.

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Polymerization of Miniemulsions Prepared from Polystyrene in Styrene Solutions. 1. Benchmarks and Limits

Cited by 82 publications

References 6 publications

Study of compartmentalization in the polymerization of miniemulsions of styrene and butyl methacrylate

Study of compartmentalization in the polymerization of miniemulsions of styrene and butyl methacrylate

Evidence for the preservation of the particle identity in miniemulsion polymerization

Styrene miniemulsion polymerization stabilized by carboxylated polyurethane. II. Kinetics

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