Polymeric Nitric Oxide Delivery Nanoplatforms for Treating Cancer, Cardiovascular Diseases, and Infection

Abstract

The shortened Abstract is as follows: Therapeutic gas nitric oxide (NO) has demonstrated the unique advances in biomedical applications due to its prominent role in regulating physiological/pathophysiological activities in terms of vasodilation, angiogenesis, chemosensitizing effect, and bactericidal effect. However, it is challenging to deliver NO, due to its short half-life (<5 s) and short diffusion distances (20-160 µm). To address these, various polymeric NO delivery nanoplatforms (PNODNPs) have been developed for cancer therapy, antimicrobial and cardiovascular therapeutics, because of the important advantages of polymeric delivery nanoplatforms in terms of controlled release of therapeutics and the extremely versatile nature. This reviews highlights the recent significant advances made in PNODNPs for NO storing and targeting delivery. The ideal and unique criteria that are required for PNODNPs for treating cancer, cardiovascular diseases and infection, respectively, are summarized. Hopefully, effective storage and targeted delivery of NO in a controlled manner using PNODNPs could pave the way for NO-sensitized synergistic therapy in clinical practice for treating the leading death-causing diseases.

Therapeutic Potential of Remote Ischemic Conditioning in Vascular Cognitive Impairment

“…It has been reported that RIC facilitates angiogenesis in VCI animal models by virtue of the activation of eNOS/NO/nitrite system ( Ren et al, 2018a ). NO is an important signaling molecule in the regulation of vascular remodeling, which is mainly produced by ECs via eNOS under ischemic conditions ( Jin et al, 2021 ). Because of its highly reactive nature, NO can be oxidized to nitrite during circulation and reduced to NO in a hypoxic environment ( Farah et al, 2018 ).…”

Controllable Nitric Oxide‐Delivering Platforms for Biomedical Applications

“…Different concentrations or fluxes lead to different or harmful results. For example, NO in the concentration range of 1 𝜇m to 1 mm can have a direct antitumor effect, while higher concentrations (>1 mm) may lead to NO poisoning; [16,17] NO at a concentration of pm or low nm can induce biofilm dispersal of single or multiple species of bacteria or yeasts, while NO at high concentrations (mm) will react with superoxide free radicals (O 2 − ) to form active substances, such as NO 2 , N 2 O 3 , and ONOO − , which cause severe nitrosative and oxidative stress, leading to the membrane lysis and cell dysfunction; [18,19] low NO concentration invigorates osteoblasts, while high NO concentration inhibits its activity. [20] In the last decade, the most commonly used NO donors have been classified into four groups based on their chemical struc-ture: diazeniumdiolates (NONOates), [21][22][23] S-nitrosothiols (SNOs), [24] arginine (Arg), [25] and N-nitrosoamines.…”

Polymeric Nanomaterials for Efficient Delivery of Antimicrobial Agents

“…In particular, combating MDR bacteria such as methicillinresistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) (MRSA) has drawn wide attention and efforts [2,3]. Non-antibiotic antimicrobial agents such as AMPs [4][5][6], silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) [7][8][9], metal oxides [10][11][12], antimicrobial peptoids [13,14] and polymers [15][16][17][18] are alternatives for treating infectious diseases that kill bacteria in a physical manner and avoid the generation of drug resistance. For instance, cationic compounds including AMPs, antimicrobial peptoids and polymers, as well as their corresponding nanostructures, strongly interacted with the negatively charged cell membrane of bacteria, resulting in the disruption of the cell membrane and outflow of the content of bacteria [19,20].…”