Polymeric nanomaterials for ocular drug delivery

Management of Energy Conversion Processes in Membrane Systems

“…Concentration polarization does not occur when the membrane separates solutions with the same concentrations (C hk = C lk ). Therefore, the hydraulic fluxes are identical, J r v = J v , for both homogenous and concentration polarization conditions at least for ∆P of ~10 5 Pa. Thus, it can be assumed with sufficient approximation that ζ r p = 1.…”

“…Additional applications include the optimization of drug penetration from microemulsions applied on the surface of a flat polymer membrane used in ophthalmology and laryngology [54] and used as drug carriers in the prophylaxis of fungal infections in chronic wounds [6]. Other membrane systems used as drug carriers are polymer hydrogels and nanoparticles that include liposomes, nanomicelles or dendrimers [5] that enable controlled drug delivery. Additionally, a system consisting of packed gel beads immersed in water was used as a model for the release of antibiotics [55].…”

“…For liquid and solid Φ r H = Φ r U and Φ r G = Φ r F , Equation ( 5) and the procedure proposed in this paper can be used to evaluate the energy conversion accompanying biochemical reactions. In this case, the direction and extent of occurrence of these reactions depends on the combination of components present in Equation (5). The Φ r G component plays the main role.…”

“…Membranes in living systems act as regulators of the transport of substances necessary for living organisms to maintain their metabolic activity, regulate the pressure balance and for structural integrity. The study of 2 of 24 membrane transport has applications to water and wastewater technology, the food industry, biorefineries and energy-based renewable sources [4] and in medicine to drug carriers such as liposomes, nanomicelles or dendrimers [5] or active membrane dressings [6].…”