Polymeric fibre composites, basic types, principles of fabrication, and properties. Part 5. Effect of performance effects on polymeric fibre composites; safety/hazardousness characteristics

Abstract

The principles of materials science of polymeric fibre composite materials (PFCM) containing different reinforcing fibrous fillers (short-cut fibres, paper, yarn, tow, sliver, fabrics, and nonwoven materials) and different matrices (thermoplasts and thermosets) are examined in an analytical review [Khim. Volokna, No. 4 and 5 (2005); No. 1, 4, and 6 (2006)]. The mutual effect and reaction of the components of PFCM (fibres and matrices) are analyzed. information is reported on the fabrication and properties of different kinds of composites: fibre-filled molding materials, pertinaxes, textolites, unidirectional composites, honeycomb plastics, etc. New types of composites with ultrahigh mechanical and thermal characteristics are examined. Testing methods and the functional properties of PFCM are examined: mechanical, thermophysical, electrophysical, optical. The mechanisms of the changes in the structure and properties of PFCM under external effects: thermal, photochemical, ionizing radiation, active media, and other factors, are analyzed. Performance reliability indexes are examined, including aging and the effect of extreme conditions. Safety/ hazardousness characteristics are very important in selection of PFCM and use of articles made from them: sanitary-hygienic and toxicological, combustibility and toxicity of products of combustion. The following features of polymeric fibre composites in comparison to other materials are summarized below based on the examination: Combination of different kinds of fibre fillers and matrices (binders) allows regulating the properties of PCM in a wide range, selecting the optimum indexes for items with a wide spectrum of applications.Items made of PFCM involve low specific consumption of materials and are easy to manufacture, process, and treat in comparison to many traditional materials, metals and ceramics in particular. Articles made from composites are reliable in use, almost not subject to corrosion, and do not require special protection or periodic painting of the surface. With respect to specific mass characteristics, PFCM can be many times better than items made of metals and other traditional materials. This is important for using them in vehicles, aircraft, rescue craft, and sporting goods. Due to the features of the properties and the positive performance characteristics, PFCM have a great future in the most varied areas of application. BASIC EFFECTS ON PFCM DURING USEPolymer fibre materials and items made from them are constantly exposed to the environment during use: high temperatures, insolation and radiation, atmospheric and microbiological effects, active liquid and gaseous media, and other factors. Usually several of these factors act simultaneously, potentiating each other [2, 10,[171][172][173]. Aging during use of PFCM takes place under the effect of external factors their structure and properties, evaluated by the change in the basic functional characteristics, primarily mechanical and physical, gradually change.St. Petersburg State University of Technology ...