Polymeres graphitisches Kohlenstoffnitrid als heterogener Organokatalysator: von der Photochemie über die Vielzweckkatalyse hin zur nachhaltigen Chemie

Wang, Yong; Wang, Xinchen; Antonietti, Markus

doi:10.1002/ange.201101182

Cited by 252 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 226 publications

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“…[9] As a polymer, various organic and inorganic processing methods have been applied to modify the texture and photoelectric properties of this material. [10] There are, however, only a few examples of the assembly of even low-dimensional g-CNs into designed nanostructures, as they are difficult to prepare because of the high temperatures needed for their formation. To date, possible pathways are limited to exotemplating (0D and 1D) and thermal exfoliation (2D) strategies.…”

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confidence: 99%

Three‐Dimensional Macroscopic Assemblies of Low‐Dimensional Carbon Nitrides for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution

et al. 2013

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Simple organic cooperative assembly of triazine molecules leads to three-dimensional macroscopic assemblies of low-dimensional graphitic carbon nitrides (g-CNs), for example, nanoparticles, nanotubes, and nanosheets. The approach enables the characterization of the cooperative properties and photocatalytic activities of low-dimensional g-CN materials in hydrogen evolution reactions from water under visible light.

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confidence: 99%

Three‐Dimensional Macroscopic Assemblies of Low‐Dimensional Carbon Nitrides for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution

et al. 2013

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“…[46] Until 1990, this class of compounds was not attractive for research. [47] It was the theoretical prediction of β-carbon nitride which led to experimental activities. [48] Nowadays, there are many efforts toward synthesis and characterization of graphitic carbon nitrides.…”

Section: Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…[47] This might result in different possibilities for molecules to interact with the solid catalyst. Unfortunately, the exact structure of graphitic carbon nitrides has not been elucidated.…”

Section: Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution From Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modified Graphitic Carbon Nitrides for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Water

Striegler

2015

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“…[3] CNs are readily accessible, lightweight, stable, and low-cost compounds that offer an attractive alternative to metal-rich catalysts while still maintaining efficient photoactivity. [4] Thermal condensation of CNs forms a wide variety of chemical species that differ substantially with respect to their degree of condensation, hydrogen content, crystallinity, and morphology. [5,6] The chemical modification of CNs by molecular "dopants" has resulted in a number of CN materials with improved photocatalytic activity.…”

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Triazine‐based Carbon Nitrides for Visible‐Light‐Driven Hydrogen Evolution

et al. 2013

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The development of catalysts that enable the direct conversion of solar energy into chemical energy has been defined as one of the major challenges of modern materials chemistry. Hydrogen generated by photochemical water splitting has been identified as a promising energy carrier that offers a high energy density while being environmentally clean.[1] Nevertheless, to realize a light-driven hydrogen-based economy, the exploration of new materials for highly efficient, stable, economically viable, and environmentally friendly photocatalysts is required.To date, numerous inorganic semiconductors have been developed for water splitting, most of them being transition metal compounds containing heavy metals such as La, Bi, Ta, or Nb, which impede scalability, increase cost, and add complexity.[2] Recently, attention has been attracted to a new class of metal-free photocatalysts, comprising polymeric melon-type carbon nitrides (CNs) based on imide-bridged heptazine units (see Figure 1 a). [3] CNs are readily accessible, lightweight, stable, and low-cost compounds that offer an attractive alternative to metal-rich catalysts while still maintaining efficient photoactivity.[4] Thermal condensation of CNs forms a wide variety of chemical species that differ substantially with respect to their degree of condensation, hydrogen content, crystallinity, and morphology. [5,6] The chemical modification of CNs by molecular "dopants" has resulted in a number of CN materials with improved photocatalytic activity. [7] Although the evidence is largely empirical, the property enhancement presumably originates from subtle modifications of the parent structures by incorporation of heteroatoms as well as structural defects, to give rise to enhanced absorption in the visible light range and a more complete exploitation of the solar energy spectrum.In contrast to all known CN photocatalysts, which are composed of heptazine building blocks, poly(triazine imide) (PTI/Li + Cl À ) is the only structurally characterized 2D CN network featuring imide-linked triazine units (see Figure 1 b). [8,9] Owing to its high level of crystallinity, PTI/ Li + Cl À lends itself as an excellent model system to study photocatalytic activity towards water splitting as a function of the number of building blocks, the composition, and the degree of structural perfection of the system. Herein, we present a new generation of CN photocatalysts based on triazine building blocks and demonstrate their enhanced photocatalytic activity in comparison to heptazine-based CNs. Moreover, we show that their performance can be amplified by small-molecule doping, thus rendering them the most active nonmetal photocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction that have been reported to date.As a starting point, we synthesized crystalline PTI/Li + Cl À as a model structure for triazine-based CNs in a two-step ionothermal synthesis according to the procedure of Wirnhier et al. [8,9] To study the effect of crystallinity on the photocatalytic activity, we also synthesized an amorphous va...

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Polymeres graphitisches Kohlenstoffnitrid als heterogener Organokatalysator: von der Photochemie über die Vielzweckkatalyse hin zur nachhaltigen Chemie

Cited by 252 publications

References 226 publications

Three‐Dimensional Macroscopic Assemblies of Low‐Dimensional Carbon Nitrides for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution

Three‐Dimensional Macroscopic Assemblies of Low‐Dimensional Carbon Nitrides for Enhanced Hydrogen Evolution

Modified Graphitic Carbon Nitrides for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution from Water

Triazine‐based Carbon Nitrides for Visible‐Light‐Driven Hydrogen Evolution

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