Polymerase Chain Reaction Test for Differentiation of Five Toxin Types of <i>Clostridium perfringens</i>

Yamagishi, Toshio; Sugitani, Kayo; Tanishima, Kiyoh; Nakamura, Shinichi

doi:10.1111/j.1348-0421.1997.tb01204.x

Cited by 34 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Today, rapid genetic methods involving multiplex PCRs are more commonly used by many diagnostic laboratories for toxin typing of C. perfringens isolates (95,96,119,150,260,412,441,480,484). The binary toxin is produced exclusively by type E strains, implicated in sporadic diarrheic outbreaks among calves as well as lambs, and interestingly linked to a highly conserved, yet silent, enterotoxin gene localized on the same plasmid (45,54,178).…”

Section: Perfringens Also Known As Bacillus Aerogenes Capsulatus Ormentioning

confidence: 99%

Binary Bacterial Toxins: Biochemistry, Biology, and Applications of CommonClostridiumandBacillusProteins

Barth

Aktories

Popoff

et al. 2004

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

371

388

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Certain pathogenic species of Bacillus and Clostridium have developed unique methods for intoxicating cells that employ the classic enzymatic “A-B” paradigm for protein toxins. The binary toxins produced by B. anthracis, B. cereus, C. botulinum, C. difficile, C. perfringens, and C. spiroforme consist of components not physically associated in solution that are linked to various diseases in humans, animals, or insects. The “B” components are synthesized as precursors that are subsequently activated by serine-type proteases on the targeted cell surface and/or in solution. Following release of a 20-kDa N-terminal peptide, the activated “B” components form homoheptameric rings that subsequently dock with an “A” component(s) on the cell surface. By following an acidified endosomal route and translocation into the cytosol, “A” molecules disable a cell (and host organism) via disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, increasing intracellular levels of cyclic AMP, or inactivation of signaling pathways linked to mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases. Recently, B. anthracis has gleaned much notoriety as a biowarfare/bioterrorism agent, and of primary interest has been the edema and lethal toxins, their role in anthrax, as well as the development of efficacious vaccines and therapeutics targeting these virulence factors and ultimately B. anthracis. This review comprehensively surveys the literature and discusses the similarities, as well as distinct differences, between each Clostridium and Bacillus binary toxin in terms of their biochemistry, biology, genetics, structure, and applications in science and medicine. The information may foster future studies that aid novel vaccine and drug development, as well as a better understanding of a conserved intoxication process utilized by various gram-positive, spore-forming bacteria

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Section: Perfringens Also Known As Bacillus Aerogenes Capsulatus Ormentioning

confidence: 99%

Binary Bacterial Toxins: Biochemistry, Biology, and Applications of CommonClostridiumandBacillusProteins

Barth

Aktories

Popoff

et al. 2004

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

371

388

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“…The most commonly encountered type A (alpha-toxin) strain causes gas gangrene (myonecrosis), diarrhea, and food-borne illness in humans (4). Type B (alpha-, beta-, and epsilon-toxins) and type D (alpha-and epsilontoxins) strains are the causative agents of fatal enterotoxemia in domestic animals and occasionally humans (16). The type C (alpha-and beta-toxins) strain causes severe necrotic enteritis in humans and is called Darmbrand in Germany and pig-bel in New Guinea (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Toxin Typing ofClostridium perfringensin Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples by PCR

Zhang

Xie

et al. 2009

J Clin Microbiol

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Since current microbiology methods are not suitable to detect Clostridium perfringens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples, we developed a PCR assay to detect toxin-encoding genes and the 16S rRNA gene of C. perfringens. We successfully detected and genotyped C. perfringens in tissue sections from two autopsy cases.Clostridium perfringens causes several forms of enteric diseases, including food poisoning and fatal enterotoxemia (15,17). Based on the presence of four major lethal toxins (alpha-, beta-, epsilon-, and iota-toxins), C. perfringens is classified into five toxigenic types (A through E), and each type can cause different diseases. The most commonly encountered type A (alpha-toxin) strain causes gas gangrene (myonecrosis), diarrhea, and food-borne illness in humans (4). Type B (alpha-, beta-, and epsilon-toxins) and type D (alpha-and epsilontoxins) strains are the causative agents of fatal enterotoxemia in domestic animals and occasionally humans (16).

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“…4, 2005 bic environment on agar plates and after 8 h oxygen exposure in BHI. The stability of C. perfringens plasmid-borne genes has been discussed previously (Yamagishi et al 1997). In that study it was stated that the plasmid-borne genes cpb1, etx and iap might be lost during long-term storage of isolates.…”

Section: Survival Of C Perfringens and Stability Of Plasmid-borne Tomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The stability of the plasmid-borne genes in C. perfringens is crucial for the correct typing of a C. perfringens isolate. It has been discussed previously whether the plasmid-borne genes cpb1, etx and iap may be lost when strains are stored for extended periods (Yamagishi et al 1997). It is assumed that C. perfringens plasmid-borne genes are unstable, a matter that has to be taken into consideration in microbiological laboratory diagnosis of clostridial infections (Buogo et al 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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et al. 2005

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Johansson A, Engström BE, Frey J, Johansson K-E, Båverud V: Survival of C. perfringens during simulated transport and stability of some plasmid-borne toxin genes under aerobic conditions. Acta vet. scand. 2005, 46, 241-247. -Clostridium perfringens is a pathogen of great concern in veterinary medicine, because it causes enteric diseases and different types of toxaemias in domesticated animals. It is important that bacteria in tissue samples, which have been collected in the field, survive and for the classification of C. perfringens into the correct toxin group, it is crucial that plasmidborne genes are not lost during transportation or in the diagnostic laboratory. The objectives of this study were to investigate the survival of C. perfringens in a simulated transport of field samples and to determine the stability of the plasmid-borne toxin genes cpb1 and etx after storage at room temperature and at 4°C. Stability of the plasmid-borne genes cpb1 and etx of C. perfringens CCUG 2035, and cpb2 from C. perfringens CIP 106526, JF 2255 and 6 field isolates in aerobic atmosphere was also studied. Survival of C. perfringens was similar in all experiments. The cpb1 and etx genes were detected in all isolates from samples stored either at room temperature or at 4°C for 24-44 h. Repeated aerobic treatment of C. perfringens CCUG 2035 and CIP 106526 did not result in the loss of the plasmid-borne genes cpb1, cpb2 or etx. Plasmid-borne genes in C. perfringens were found to be more stable than generally reported. Therefore, C. perfringens toxinotyping by PCR can be performed reliably, as the risk of plasmid loss seems to be a minor problem. Clostridium perfringens; survival; plasmid-borne genes; stability Acta vet. scand. 2005, 46, 241-247.

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Polymerase Chain Reaction Test for Differentiation of Five Toxin Types of Clostridium perfringens

Cited by 34 publications

References 13 publications

Binary Bacterial Toxins: Biochemistry, Biology, and Applications of CommonClostridiumandBacillusProteins

Binary Bacterial Toxins: Biochemistry, Biology, and Applications of CommonClostridiumandBacillusProteins

Detection and Toxin Typing ofClostridium perfringensin Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Tissue Samples by PCR

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