Polymer waveguide thermo-optical switch with loss compensation based on NaYF ₄ : 18% Yb ³⁺ , 2% Er ³⁺ nanocrystals

Abstract

A polymer waveguide thermo-optical switch with loss compensation based on NaYF 4 : 18% Yb 3+ , 2% Er 3+ nanocrystals, fabricated by traditional semiconductor processes, has been investigated. NaYF 4 : 18% Yb 3+ , 2% Er 3+ nanocrystals were prepared by a pyrolysis method. The morphology and luminescent properties of the nanocrystals were characterized. The nanocrystals were doped into SU-8 as the core material of an optical waveguide amplifier. The size of the device was optimized for its optical and thermal fields as well as its transmission characteristics. The device was fabricated on a silica substrate by spin coating, photolithography, and wet etching. The insertion loss of the switch device is ∼ 15 dB. The rise and fall times of the device are 240 µs and 380 µs, respectively, as measured by application of a 304 Hz square wave voltage. The extinction ratio of the device is about 14 dB at an electrode-driving power of 7 mW. When the pump light power is 230 mW and the signal light power is 0.1 mW, the loss compensation of the device is 3.8 dB at a wavelength of 1530 nm. Optical devices with loss compensation have important research significance.

Characterization, spectroscopic investigation of defects by positron annihilation, and possible application of synthesized PbO nanoparticles*

“…The electrical and structural properties of an atomic cluster [12] of metal oxides [13] can change with the crystallite size. [14,15] Lead oxide (PbO) is a promising functionalized material in the field of technology and industry due to its unique physical and mechanical properties [16,17] and optical and electronic characteristics. [18,19] They also receive much attention in the fields of nanodevice fabrication, [20] lithium secondary batteries, and lead-acid batteries, etc.…”

A Room-Temperature Strategy to Synthesize Ce/Tb-Codoped NaYF4 Nanoparticles with a Photoluminescence Quantum Yield Exceeding 50%

“…NaYF 4 :RE 3+ nanomaterials, the important members of the fluoride system, have received extensive attention in recent years. − Various methods have been developed to synthesize NaYF 4 :RE 3+ nanomaterials, including hydrothermal/solvothermal methods, − facile molten salt method, , precipitation methods, , thermal decomposition methods, , and refluxing methods. − However, while these solution methods offer the advantage of low-temperature synthesis compared to the high-temperature solid-state method, , they often result in NaYF 4 :RE 3+ nanocrystals with abundant surface defects, poor crystallinity, and low luminescence performance. This is particularly problematic as there is a growing demand for ultrasmall nanophosphors with particle sizes less than 10 nm, due to light scattering effects and the requirement for bioimaging application.…”

Au Nanoparticles-Doped Polymer All-Optical Switches Based on Photothermal Effects

“…To improve these performances of the device, various nanocomposite materials of polymer-doping functional materials have been studied such as the erbium-doped material, Nd-doped polymer, NaYF 4 : Yb 3+ , Er 3+ doped polymer and graphene doped polymer material [8][9][10][11]. In 2018, Xing proposed a NaYF4: 18% Yb 3+ , 2% Er 3+ doped polymer thermal optical (TO) switch, realizing the loss compensation in the waveguide.…”