“…Any cell is extremely large relative to any particular macromolecule of interest and is likely to contain several micro-environments, within each of which a particular macromolecule X will be subject to a different set of background interactions. For example, the cytoplasm of even an organism as simple as E. coli contains at least three such micro-environments: the immediate vicinity of the inner plasma membrane, within which X will encounter a high local concentration of membrane phospholipids and proteins; the interior and immediate vicinity of the nucleoid, within which X will encounter an extremely high local concentration of DNA; and the remaining cytoplasm, within which X will be (Bookchin et al, 1999); large macromolecules (Minton, 1981;Nichol et al, increase in affinity of DNA-binding proteins for DNA (Zimmerman and Harrison, 1987;Jarvis et al, 1981). 1990); enhanced self-association of spectrin (Lindner and Ralston, 1995), actin (Lindner and Ralston, 1997), fibrinogen (Rivas et al, 1999), tubulin (Rivas et al, 1999) and FtsZ (Rivas et al, 2001).…”