Polymer ring resonator made by two-photon polymerization and vertically coupled to a side-polished optical fiber

Sherwood, Travis; Young, Cody; Takayesu, Jocelyn; Jen, Alex K.‐Y.; Dalton, Larry R.; Chen, Antao

doi:10.1117/12.591422

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Lastly, 0.8 mol % of Irgacure 819 photoinitiator was added. This photoinitiator has been previously employed as a two-photon free-radical initiator for acrylate-based resins in TPP-DLW. − To ensure covalent attachment of the microstructures to the substrate, the glass surface was treated with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl acrylate. The fabrication of photonic microactuators via TPP-DLW and subsequent activation are depicted in Figure b.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Laser Writing of Four-Dimensional Structural Color Microactuators Using a Photonic Photoresist

et al. 2020

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With the advent of direct laser writing using two-photon polymerization, the generation of high-resolution three-dimensional microstructures has increased dramatically. However, the development of stimuli-responsive photoresists to create four-dimensional (4D) microstructures remains a challenge. Herein, we present a supramolecular cholesteric liquid crystalline photonic photoresist for the fabrication of 4D photonic microactuators, such as pillars, flowers, and butterflies, with submicron resolution. These micron-sized features display structural color and shape changes triggered by a variation of humidity or temperature. These findings serve as a roadmap for the design and creation of high-resolution 4D photonic microactuators.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Laser Writing of Four-Dimensional Structural Color Microactuators Using a Photonic Photoresist

et al. 2020

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“…There is not sufficient space to describe research on both all-organic and organic OEO/silicon photonic hybrid ring microresonators and the theory behind device design. The reader is referred to recent publications 9,[17][18][19][20][21][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] for a broader picture including to the fabrication of all-organic device structures by more novel techniques such as nanoimprint [17][18][19][20][21] and two-photon 42,44 lithography. Here we focus on presenting two different approaches to the fabrication of hybrid devices where the low dielectric breakdown threshold of silicon provides a challenge to induction of electro-optic activity by electric field poling.…”

Section: Fabrication Of Ring Microresonatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With lithium niobate, material loss is insignificant (∼ 0.2 dB/cm) and insertion loss is limited by index matching rather than mode size matching. A variety of novel device structures, including stripline, [31][32][33][34] cascaded prism, 35 all-organic ring microresonator, [17][18][19][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46] and OEO/silicon photonic ring microresonator 20,21 structures have been fabricated from organic electro-optic materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic electro-optic glasses for WDM applications

et al. 2005

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This communication primarily deals with utilizing organic electro-optic (OEO) materials for the fabrication of active wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) transmitter/receiver systems and reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs), including the fabrication of hybrid OEO/silicon photonic devices. Fabrication is carried out by a variety of techniques including soft and nanoimprint lithography. The production of conformal and flexible ring microresonator devices is also discussed. The fabrication of passive devices is also briefly reviewed. Critical to the realization of improved performance for devices fabricated from OEO materials has been the improvement of electro-optic activity to values of 300 pm/V (or greater) at telecommunication wavelengths. This improvement in materials has been realized exploiting a theoretically-inspired (quantum and statistical mechanics) paradigm for the design of chromophores with dramatically improved molecular first hyperpolarizability and that exhibit intermolecular electrostatic interactions that promote self-assembly, under the influence of an electric poling field, into noncentrosymmetric macroscopic lattices. New design paradigms have also been developed for improving the glass transition of these materials, which is critical for thermal and photochemical stability and for optimizing processing protocols such as nanoimprint lithography. Ring microresonator devices discussed in this communication were initially fabricated using chromophore guest/polymer host materials characterized by electro-optic coefficients on the order of 50 pm/V (at telecommunication wavelengths). Voltage-controlled optical tuning of the pass band of these ring microresonators was experimental determined to lie in the range 1-10 GHz/V or all-organic and for OEO/silicon photonic devices. With new materials, values approaching 50 GHz/V should be possible. Values as high as 300 GHz/V may ultimately be achievable.

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“…23,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43] Recently, OEO materials have been incorporated into silicon photonic split ring microresonators yielding a bandwidth-sensitivity factor of 7 GHz/V at telecommunication wavelengths. Moreover, high bandwidth optical rectification has been observed in these split ring microresonator structures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing electro-optic activity in chromophore/polymer composites and in organic chromophore glasses

et al. 2005

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The motivation for use of organic electro-optic materials derives from (1) the inherently fast (sub-picosecond) response of π-electron systems in these materials to electrical perturbation making possible device applications with gigahertz and terahertz bandwidths, (2) the potential for exceptionally large (e.g., 1000 pm/V) electro-optic coefficients that would make possible devices operating with millivolt drive voltages, (3) light weight, which is a concern for satellite applications, and (4) versatile processability that permits rapid fabrication of a wide variety of devices including conformal and flexible devices, three dimensional active optical circuitry, hybrid organic/silicon photonic circuitry, and optical circuitry directly integrated with semiconductor VLSI electronics. The most significant concerns associated with the use of organic electro-optic materials relate to thermal and photochemical stability, although materials with glass transition temperatures on the order of 200°C have been demonstrated and photostability necessary for long term operation at telecommunication power levels has been realized. This communication focuses on explaining the theoretical paradigms that have permitted electro-optic coefficients greater than 300 pm/V (at telecommunication wavelengths) to be achieved and on explaining likely improvements in electro-optic activity that will be realized in the next 1-2 years. Systematic modifications of materials to improve thermal and photochemical stability are also discussed.

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Polymer ring resonator made by two-photon polymerization and vertically coupled to a side-polished optical fiber

Cited by 7 publications

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Direct Laser Writing of Four-Dimensional Structural Color Microactuators Using a Photonic Photoresist

Direct Laser Writing of Four-Dimensional Structural Color Microactuators Using a Photonic Photoresist

Organic electro-optic glasses for WDM applications

Optimizing electro-optic activity in chromophore/polymer composites and in organic chromophore glasses

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