Polymer pollution and its solutions with special emphasis on Poly (butylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT))

Kanwal, Aqsa; Zhang, Min; Sharaf, Faisal; Li, Chengtao

doi:10.1007/s00289-021-04065-2

Cited by 53 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…However, the substantial post-foaming shrinkage ratio of pure PBAT foam can reach up to 80%, which poses a serious challenge to its practical applications. 12,13 The post-foaming shrinkage observed in PBAT foam is similar to other polymers with their glass transition temperatures below ambient temperature, such as thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPEE), and low-density polyethylene. 14−18 This phenomenon can be attributed to several factors, including inadequate stiffness of the cell walls, rapid diffusion of blowing agents out of the foam, low open-cell content, and rapid relaxation of chain segments.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

“…The widespread application of polymer foam in a broad range of industries, such as packaging, construction, aerospace, and biomedicine, has propelled research endeavors toward the development of biodegradable alternatives, which stems from the urgent need to mitigate environmental pollution that threatens global sustainability. − Currently, various biodegradable polymers are commercially available, including polylactic acid (PLA), polybutylene succinate (PBS), poly(butylene adipate- co -terephthalate) (PBAT), poly(3-hydroxybutyrate- co -3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), polycaprolactone, and poly(butylene succinate-butylene terephthalate) (PBST). − PBAT has gained significant attention due to its impressive toughness, cost effectiveness, and remarkable foamability, with an initial expansion ratio (ER) of up to 30 when utilizing supercritical CO 2 (scCO 2 ) as a blowing agent. However, the substantial post-foaming shrinkage ratio of pure PBAT foam can reach up to 80%, which poses a serious challenge to its practical applications. , The post-foaming shrinkage observed in PBAT foam is similar to other polymers with their glass transition temperatures below ambient temperature, such as thermoplastic polyurethane, thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPEE), and low-density polyethylene. − This phenomenon can be attributed to several factors, including inadequate stiffness of the cell walls, rapid diffusion of blowing agents out of the foam, low open-cell content, and rapid relaxation of chain segments. ,, …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Shrink-Resistant Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Foam Reinforced with Crystalline Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Particles

Sheng,

Zhou,

Yan

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) foam blown with CO2 exhibits severe shrinkage problems, with a substantial post-foaming shrinkage ratio reaching up to 80%. In this study, we reported a useful method to prepare PBAT foams with good dimensional stability by simply optimizing the polymer blending ratios and foaming conditions. The foaming behaviors showed that the PBAT/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) blend with a mass ratio of 80/20 possessed an expansion ratio of up to 29.3 at 110 °C, with a shrinkage ratio of less than 5%. Moreover, the presence of 20 wt % PHBV in PBAT melt could not only facilitate the open-cell structure but also improve the stiffness of the cell walls. A possible mechanism for the reinforced foam stability is proposed based on the results of the CO2 desorption experiment and foam morphology observation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shrink-Resistant Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Foam Reinforced with Crystalline Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Particles

Sheng,

Zhou,

Yan

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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“…This phenomenon primarily involves the conversion of polymers into monomers and dimers, with complete biodegradation denoting the absence of residual monomers or oligomers. [ 32 ] Physical and biological degradation are two key modes of biodegradation in polyesters. In our study, biological degradation occurs through the action of microorganisms (lipase enzyme) operating under in vitro biological conditions by employing orbital movement and maintaining a temperature of 37 °C.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boosting the Biodegradation and Bioactivity of PBS‐DLS Copolymers via Incorporation of PEG

Zarei,

Michalkiewicz,

El Fray

2024

Macro Materials & Eng

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Biodegradable polymers play a crucial role in the development of materials for biomedical applications. This study investigates the enzymatic biodegradation, bioactivity, and cytotoxicity of poly(butylene succinate‐dilinoleic succinate) (PBS‐DLS) copolymers modified with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Two copolymer variations with different segmental compositions (70 wt.% and 60 wt.% of hard segments) are synthesized. After modifying the copolymers with PEG, the presence of a lipase catalyst accelerated degradation after 20 days, evidenced by reduced residual content. Gel permeation chromatography analysis showed up to 40% decrease in molecular weight, while gravimetric analysis indicated a mass loss of up to 10%. Morphological examination revealed that the enzymatic breakdown, facilitated by hydrolase activity (boosted by the presence of PEG), resulted in surface erosion, holes, and changes in spherulitic morphology. Bioactivity studies demonstrated the formation of biomimetic calcium/phosphate (Ca/P) crystals. Copolymers with higher crystallinity (70 wt.% hard segments) favored tricalcium phosphate‐like crystal formation, while those with lower crystallinity (60 wt.% hard segments) are more susceptible to hydroxyapatite precipitation. In vitro cytotoxicity tests exhibited excellent cell viability and attachment for all copolymers. The ability to control degradation through PEG modification, along with their bioactivity and cell compatibility, positions them as promising candidates for diverse biomedical applications.

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“…It is produced through polycondensation of butylene terephthalate, adipic acid (AA), and terephthalic acid, making it easy to process, flexible, and highly biodegradable. As a result, it serves as an excellent alternative to polyethylene (PE) in film packaging. − However, PBAT has higher production costs compared to conventional nonbiodegradable PE or polypropylene (PP), which limits its widespread application in the film industry. An urgent challenge is to reduce the cost of PBAT products without compromising their biodegradability, and one effective approach is to incorporate natural, low-cost materials. − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of PBAT/Thermoplastic Starch (TPS) Biodegradable Composite Films through a Dynamic Vulcanization Process

Cai,

Wang,

et al. 2024

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Starch, as an inexpensive natural polymer, can be used as a filler to effectively reduce the cost of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) products. In this work, corn starch, glycerol, initiator bis(1-(tert-butylperoxy)-1-methylethyl)-benzene and crosslinker 1,3,5-tri-2-propenyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione (TAIC) were first mixed and extruded into crosslinkable thermoplastic starch (TPS). Then, TPS and PBAT were melt-blended to prepare PBAT/TPS composites. Finally, the PBAT/TPS composites were blow molded into films. The effects of different TAIC contents on the degree of gelation, morphological structure, and properties of the composite films were explored. The results showed that TAIC as a crosslinking agent could improve the mechanical properties of the composite films and increase the compatibility of TPS and PBAT. When the content of TAIC was 2 wt % of TPS, and the TPS content was 30 wt %, the composite film exhibited a tensile strength of 25.43 MPa and elongation at break of 580.83%, along with good processing and degradation properties. The significant improvement in mechanical properties was primarily attributed to TAIC crosslinking the TPS and co-crosslinking the TPS and PBAT interface, enhancing their compatibility. The dynamic vulcanization process provided a simple yet effective approach to prepare inexpensive biodegradable composite films with excellent mechanical properties.

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Polymer pollution and its solutions with special emphasis on Poly (butylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT))

Cited by 53 publications

References 103 publications

Shrink-Resistant Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Foam Reinforced with Crystalline Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Particles

Shrink-Resistant Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Foam Reinforced with Crystalline Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) Particles

Boosting the Biodegradation and Bioactivity of PBS‐DLS Copolymers via Incorporation of PEG

Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of PBAT/Thermoplastic Starch (TPS) Biodegradable Composite Films through a Dynamic Vulcanization Process

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