Polymer-metal waveguides characterization by Fourier plane leakage radiation microscopy

Massenot, Sébastien; Grandidier, Jonathan; Bouhélier, Alexandre; Francs, Gérard Colas des; Markey, Laurent; Weeber, Jean-Claude; Dereux, Alain; Renger, Jan; González, Marı́a Ujué; Quidant, Romain

doi:10.1063/1.2824840

Cited by 78 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Thus the intensity in the the BFP can be described by the sum of the individual patterns of the single dipoles: (1) as depicted in Figure 2 The second contribution originates from SPPs launched by nearby nanocrystals propagating along the NW surface which are detected as leakage radiation. 20,22 A characteristic signature of this radiation channel is the fringe pattern in the BFP image that results from the finite length of the NW in the μm range emitting via leakage radiation. We describe this channel by a leaky 1D antenna resonator model, following Taminiau et al 32 The configuration is defined by the finite NW length L, the wire orientation given by the in-plane angle Ψ and the input excitation at the position a (Figure 4 (b)).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…17,18 Importantly, subwave-length light confinement by the SPPs can be used to enhance the interaction between objects and light. 19 This coupling and the excitation and propagation of SPPs have been experimentally visualized by leakage radiation microscopy [20][21][22] combined with imaging of the back focal plane (BFP) for a variety of plasmonic structures and devices. [23][24][25] In this manuscript we studied the coupling of the emission from rare earth doped nanocrystals to SPP modes in silver NWs on glass.…”

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Radiation Channels Close to a Plasmonic Nanowire Visualized by Back Focal Plane Imaging

et al. 2013

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We investigated the angular radiation patterns, a key characteristic of an emitting system, from individual silver nanowires decorated with rare earth ion-doped nanocrystals. Back focal plane radiation patterns of the nanocrystal photoluminescence after local two-photon excitation can be described by two emission channels: Excitation of propagating surface plasmons in the nanowire followed by leakage radiation and direct dipolar emission observed also in the absence of the nanowire. Theoretical modeling reproduces the observed radiation patterns which strongly depend on the position of excitation along the nanowire. Our analysis allows to estimate the branching ratio into both emission channels and to determine the diameter dependent surface plasmon quasimomentum, important parameters of emitter-plasmon structures. KeywordsPlasmonics; metallic nanowires; rare earth ions; back focal plane imaging; up-conversion Propagating surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are electromagnetic waves bound to a metaldielectric interface. They offer the distinguished possibility to concentrate light to subwavelength scales and transport this energy over a length several magnitudes larger. [1][2][3][4] These properties provide the basis for plasmonics, a very active research area aiming at optical device miniaturization and the integration of optics and electronics on a single chip. 5,6 Metallic nanowires (NWs) have drawn particular attention as plasmonic building blocks due to their successful implementation as waveguides, 7-9 routers and logic gates. 10-12 SPPs on metallic NWs have been investigated by direct visualization, 13 using a scanning aperture probe, 14 by electrical detection 15 as well as by calculations. 16 A key step in plasmonic applications of NWs is the coupling of the initial energy source to the NW and the contributing energy relaxation pathways. 17,18 Importantly, subwave-length light confinement by the SPPs can be used to enhance the interaction between objects and light. 19 This coupling and the excitation and propagation of SPPs have been experimentally visualized by leakage radiation microscopy 20-22 combined with imaging of the back focal plane (BFP) for a variety of plasmonic structures and devices. [23][24][25] In this manuscript we studied the coupling of the emission from rare earth doped nanocrystals to SPP modes in silver NWs on glass. We use the ability of these nanocrystals to exhibit stable, non-bleaching upconverted photoluminescence (PL) on the anti-Stokes side * To whom correspondence should be addressed achim.hartschuh@cup.uni-muenchen.de. Europe PMC Funders Group Europe PMC Funders Author ManuscriptsEurope PMC Funders Author Manuscripts of the laser energy 26 to avoid temporal intensity fluctuations and to exclude any background contribution from laser scattering, metal luminescence or the sample substrate. Importantly, since two-photon excitation requires high excitation densities it will only be efficient at the position of the laser focus. Two-photon excitation of NCs located outsid...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Radiation Channels Close to a Plasmonic Nanowire Visualized by Back Focal Plane Imaging

et al. 2013

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“…For example, a triangular groove milled on a metal surface can work as the channel plasmon subwavelength waveguide [7,8]. Dielectric-loaded SPP waveguides made of a rectangular dielectric rib deposited on a metal film or strip have recently emerged as a potential plasmonic method that can be integrated seamlessly with current silicon-on-insulator photonic circuits, and can sustain the transfer of information at high data rates [9][10][11]. These configurations require top-down nanofabrication.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manipulating Propagation Constants of Silver Nanowire Plasmonic Waveguide Modes Using a Dielectric Multilayer Substrate

et al. 2018

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Abstract:Experiments and numerical simulations demonstrate that when a silver nanowire is placed on a dielectric multilayer, but not the commonly used bare glass slide, the effective refractive index of the propagating surface plasmons along the silver nanowire can be controlled. Furthermore, by increasing the thickness of the top dielectric layer, longer wavelength light can also propagate along a very thin silver nanowire. In the experiment, the diameter of the silver nanowire could be as thin as 70 nm, with the incident wavelength as long as 640 nm. The principle of this control is analysed from the existence of a photonic band gap and the Bloch surface wave with this dielectric multilayer substrate.

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“…For sufficiently large nanowires, the surface plasmon mode leaks into the glass substrate 9,10 . This leakage radiation is readily detected, imaged, and analyzed in the different conjugate planes in leakage radiation microscopy 9,11 . The electrical terminals do not affect the plasmon propagation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

Song

Stolz

Zhang

et al. 2013

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Plasmonics is an emerging technology capable of simultaneously transporting a plasmonic signal and an electronic signal on the same information support 1,2,3 . In this context, metal nanowires are especially desirable for realizing dense routing networks 4 . A prerequisite to operate such shared nanowire-based platform relies on our ability to electrically contact individual metal nanowires and efficiently excite surface plasmon polaritons 5 in this information support. In this article, we describe a protocol to bring electrical terminals to chemically-synthesized silver nanowires 6 randomly distributed on a glass substrate 7. The positions of the nanowire ends with respect to predefined landmarks are precisely located using standard optical transmission microscopy before encapsulation in an electron-sensitive resist. Trenches representing the electrode layout are subsequently designed by electron-beam lithography. Metal electrodes are then fabricated by thermally evaporating a Cr/Au layer followed by a chemical lift-off. The contacted silver nanowires are finally transferred to a leakage radiation microscope for surface plasmon excitation and characterization 8,9 . Surface plasmons are launched in the nanowires by focusing a near infrared laser beam on a diffraction-limited spot overlapping one nanowire extremity 5,9 . For sufficiently large nanowires, the surface plasmon mode leaks into the glass substrate 9,10 . This leakage radiation is readily detected, imaged, and analyzed in the different conjugate planes in leakage radiation microscopy 9,11 . The electrical terminals do not affect the plasmon propagation. However, a current-induced morphological deterioration of the nanowire drastically degrades the flow of surface plasmons. The combination of surface plasmon leakage radiation microscopy with a simultaneous analysis of the nanowire electrical transport characteristics reveals the intrinsic limitations of such plasmonic circuitry. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

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Polymer-metal waveguides characterization by Fourier plane leakage radiation microscopy

Cited by 78 publications

References 15 publications

Radiation Channels Close to a Plasmonic Nanowire Visualized by Back Focal Plane Imaging

Radiation Channels Close to a Plasmonic Nanowire Visualized by Back Focal Plane Imaging

Manipulating Propagation Constants of Silver Nanowire Plasmonic Waveguide Modes Using a Dielectric Multilayer Substrate

Evaluating Plasmonic Transport in Current-carrying Silver Nanowires

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