Polymer foams as advanced energy absorbing materials for sports applications—A review

Tomin, Márton; Kmetty, Ákos

doi:10.1002/app.51714

Cited by 70 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 70 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Often, one of the most valuable properties of foam material is its ability to absorb energy [ 66 , 67 ]. The tan δ plot of the temperature ramp DMA can be used to observe the material damping factor of the samples [ 68 , 69 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polylactic Acid Chemical Foaming Assisted by Solid-State Processing: Solid-State Shear Pulverization and Cryogenic Milling

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A chemical foaming process of polylactic acid (PLA) was developed via the solid-state processing methods of solid-state shear pulverization (SSSP) and cryogenic milling. Based on the ability of solid-state processing to enhance the crystallization kinetics of PLA, chemical foaming agents (CFA) are first compounded before foaming via compression molding. Specifically, the effects of the pre-foaming solid-state processing method and CFA concentration were investigated. Density reduction, mechanical properties, thermal behavior, and cell density of PLA foams are characterized. Solid-state processing of PLA before foaming greatly increases the extent of PLA foaming by achieving void fractions approximately twice that of the control foams. PLA’s improved ability to crystallize is displayed through both dynamic mechanical analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The solid-state-processed foams display superior mechanical robustness and undergo low stress relaxation. The cell density of the PLA foams also increases with solid-state processing, especially through SSSP. Additionally, crosslinking of PLA during the pre-foaming processing step is found to result in the greatest enhancement of crystallization but decreased void fraction and foam effectiveness. Overall, SSSP and cryogenic milling show significant promise in improving chemical foaming in alternative biopolymers.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polylactic Acid Chemical Foaming Assisted by Solid-State Processing: Solid-State Shear Pulverization and Cryogenic Milling

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Benzonitrile, methylbenzonitrile, phenyl isocyanate, toluene, and benzene were detected as the main decomposition products [ 33 , 34 ]. The latter decomposition process reflected the decomposition of diisocyanates and polyols in the PU matrix accompanied by the evolution of gaseous carbon oxide and hydrogen cyanide [ 7 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The study of polymer thermal aging and degradation at specific humidity conditions reached a relatively high importance in technological praxis due to the wide applications of porous polyurethane based materials in automotive, aerospace [ 3 ], food packaging [ 4 , 5 ], and consumer products industries [ 6 , 7 ]. In general, polymers are thermally stable until reaching the decomposition threshold [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Conditioning on PU Foam Matrix Materials Properties

et al. 2021

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This article deals with the characterization of the thermal-induced aging of soft polyurethane (PU) foams. There are studied thermal and mechanical properties by means of thermal analysis, tensile, compression and dynamic mechanical vibration testing. It was found in this study, that the increasing relative humidity of the surrounding atmosphere leads to the initiation of the degradation processes. This is reflected in the observed decreased mechanical stiffness. It is attributed to the plasticization of the PU foams wall material. It is in agreement with the observed increase of the permanent deformation accompanied simultaneously with the decrease of Young’s modulus of elasticity. The latter phenomenon is studied by the novel non-destructive forced oscillations vibration-damping testing, which is confirmed by observed lower mechanical stiffness thus indicating the loss of the elasticity induced by samples conditioning. In parallel, observed decreasing of the matrix hardness is confirming the loss of elastic mechanical performance as well. The effect of conditioning leads to the significant loss of the PU foam’s thermal stability.

show abstract

“…Polymer-based foams are now widely used in our daily life in applications such as medical engineering, packaging, sound absorption, and insulation due to their light weight, high mechanical properties, portability, and ease of processing and control [ 1 ]. Almost all of them are made of petroleum-based polymers, such as styrene foam for food packaging and polyurethane foam for heat insulation and sound absorption.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Use of New Waste-Based Plasticizer Made from Modified Used Palm Oil for Non-Glutinous Thermoplastic Starch Foam

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A novel waste-based plasticizer derived from modified used palm oil (mUPO) was successfully developed and has been used as a new plasticizer to non-glutinous thermoplastic starch foam to improve their properties. The molecular weight and hydroxyl number of the mUPO was 3150 g/mol and 192.19 mgOH/g, respectively. The effects of mUPO content ranging from 0 to 9 phr were investigated. The results revealed that the optimal mUPO content as an additive was 6 wt%. The addition of mUPO had a direct effect on the mechanical properties and thermal properties. The impact strength increased from 1.30 to 4.55 J/m, while the glass transition temperature (Tg) decreased from 70.83 to 66.50 °C by increasing mUPO from 0 phr to 6 phr in the thermoplastic starch foam. The mUPO, on the other hand, has also the potential to reduce shrinkage from 33.91 to 21.77% and moisture absorption from 5.93 to 1.73% by increasing the content from 0 phr to 6 phr in starch foam. Furthermore, the mUPO helps the forming of the foam structure as measured by SEM, and the mUPO utilization of waste-based material could be a promising green alternative plasticizer for starch components, especially starch foam applications.

show abstract

Polymer foams as advanced energy absorbing materials for sports applications—A review

Cited by 70 publications

References 70 publications

Polylactic Acid Chemical Foaming Assisted by Solid-State Processing: Solid-State Shear Pulverization and Cryogenic Milling

Polylactic Acid Chemical Foaming Assisted by Solid-State Processing: Solid-State Shear Pulverization and Cryogenic Milling

Effect of Conditioning on PU Foam Matrix Materials Properties

The Use of New Waste-Based Plasticizer Made from Modified Used Palm Oil for Non-Glutinous Thermoplastic Starch Foam

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About