Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis: Restraining degradation in the presence of fluctuating power

Rakousky, Christoph; Reimer, Uwe; Wippermann, Klaus; Kuhri, Susanne; Carmo, Marcelo; Lueke, Wiebke; Stolten, Detlef

doi:10.1016/j.jpowsour.2016.11.118

Cited by 176 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…For these moderate testing conditions, this increase rate is slightly higher than reported literature data, with values up to 260 µV h −1 . [ 42–45 ] The slightly higher degradation rate could be related to the fact that the test bench has no deionizer and potential iron‐ion contamination was only countered by exchanging the reservoir water every 20 h. The sPPS‐I‐MEA showed a voltage increase rate of 850 µV h −1 , considering only the time frame with no electrical shorting (<60 h). This rate is significantly higher than that of Nafion.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

All‐Hydrocarbon MEA for PEM Water Electrolysis Combining Low Hydrogen Crossover and High Efficiency

Klose

Saatkamp

Münchinger

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

106

128

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Hydrocarbon ionomers bear the potential to significantly lower the material cost and increase the efficiency of proton‐exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWE). However, no fully hydrocarbon membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with a performance comparable to Nafion‐MEAs has been reported. PEMWE‐MEAs are presented comprising sPPS as membrane and electrode binder reaching 3.5 A cm−2 at 1.8 V and thus clearly outperforming state‐of‐the‐art Nafion‐MEAs (N115 as membrane, 1.5 A cm−2 at 1.8 V) due to a significantly lower high frequency resistance (57 ± 4 mΩ cm² vs 161 ± 7 mΩ cm²). Additionally, pure sPPS‐membranes show a three times lower gas crossover (<0.3 mA cm−2) than Nafion N115‐membranes (>1.1 mA cm−2) in a fully humidified surrogate test. Furthermore, more than 80 h of continuous operation is shown for sPPS‐MEAs in a preliminary durability test (constant current hold at 1 A cm−2 at 80 °C). These results rely on the unique transport properties of sulfonated poly(phenylene sulfone) (sPPS) that combines high proton conductivity with low gas crossover.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

All‐Hydrocarbon MEA for PEM Water Electrolysis Combining Low Hydrogen Crossover and High Efficiency

Klose

Saatkamp

Münchinger

et al. 2020

Advanced Energy Materials

106

128

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“…With regards to the effect of dynamic PEM-WE operation, Rakousky et al investigated the influence of different load profiles over 1000 h, namely constant current of 1 or 2 A cm −2 geo , cycling between 1 and 2 A cm −2 geo , or cycling between open-circuit voltage (OCV) and 2 A cm −2 geo . 20 At a constant current of 2 A cm −2 geo the authors observed an untypically high degradation rate (≈200 μV h −1 ) compared to that at a constant current of 1 A cm −2 geo (<1 μV h −1 ). When cycling between 1 and 2 A cm −2 geo or between OCV and 2 A cm −2 geo , the degradation rate was substantially lower than that at a constant current of 2 A cm −2 geo , which the authors claim to be due to a not clearly defined reversible degradation effect.…”

mentioning

confidence: 94%

Impact of Intermittent Operation on Lifetime and Performance of a PEM Water Electrolyzer

Weiß

Siebel

Bernt

et al. 2019

J. Electrochem. Soc.

205

158

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The aim of this study is to provide a better understanding of performance degrading mechanisms occurring when a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer (PEM-WE) is coupled with renewable energies, where times of operation and idle periods alternate. An accelerated stress test (AST) is proposed, mimicking a fluctuating power supply by operating the electrolyzer cell between high (3 A cm −2 geo) and low current densities (0.1 A cm −2 geo), alternating with idle periods during which no current is supplied and the cell rests at open circuit voltage (OCV). Polarization curves, periodically recorded during the OCV-AST, reveal an initial increase in activity (≈50 mV after 10 cycles) followed by a significant decrease in performance during prolonged OCV cycling due to an increasing high frequency resistance (HFR) (≈1.6-fold after 718 cycles). These performance changes can clearly be related to the OCV periods, since they are not observed in a reference experiment where the OCV period is replaced by a potential hold at 1.3 V. The origin of the phenomena, which are responsible for the initial performance gain as well as the subsequent decay are analyzed via detailed electrochemical and physical characterization of the MEAs, and an operating strategy to prevent performance degradation is proposed.

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“…Electrocatalytic water splitting including two half‐reactions: hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is an efficient reliable technology to achieve mass production of high‐purity hydrogen with low cost and zero emission . The slow kinetics of water splitting and the high overpotentials necessitate high‐performance catalysts to decrease the electrolysis cell voltage and power consumption . However, the platinum‐ and iridium‐based catalysts are still the most active HER and OER catalysts and the low reserves and the high cost limits its application in large‐scale water splitting …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…

kinetics of water splitting and the high overpotentials necessitate high-performance catalysts to decrease the electrolysis cell voltage and power consumption. [9,10] However, the platinum-and iridium-based catalysts are still the most active HER and OER catalysts and the low reserves and the high cost limits its application in largescale water splitting. [11,12] Designing and developing active, robust, and noble-metal-free catalysts with superior stability is of critical importance but remains a grand challenge.

…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Facile Strategy to Synthesize Cobalt‐Based Self‐Supported Material for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting

Zhu

et al. 2017

Part & Part Syst Charact

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Designing and developing active, robust, and noble‐metal‐free catalysts with superior stability for electrocatalytic water splitting is of critical importance but remains a grand challenge. Here, a facile strategy is provided to synthesize a series of Co‐based self‐supported electrode materials by combining electrospinning and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technologies. The Co, Co3O4, Co9S8 nanoparticles (NPs) are formed in situ simultaneously with the formation of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) during the CVD process, respectively. The Co‐based NPs are uniformly distributed through the CNFs and they can be directly used as the electrode materials for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acid and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline. The Co9S8/CNFs membrane exhibits the best HER activity with overpotential of 165 mV at j = 10 mA cm−2 and Tafel slope of 83 mV dec−1 and OER activity with overpotential of 230 mV at j = 10 mA cm−2 and Tafel slope of 72 mV dec−1. The onion‐like graphitic layers formed around the NPs not only improve the electrical conductivity of the electrode but also prevent the separation of the NPs from the carbon matrix as well as the aggregation.

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Polymer electrolyte membrane water electrolysis: Restraining degradation in the presence of fluctuating power

Cited by 176 publications

References 28 publications

All‐Hydrocarbon MEA for PEM Water Electrolysis Combining Low Hydrogen Crossover and High Efficiency

All‐Hydrocarbon MEA for PEM Water Electrolysis Combining Low Hydrogen Crossover and High Efficiency

Impact of Intermittent Operation on Lifetime and Performance of a PEM Water Electrolyzer

A Facile Strategy to Synthesize Cobalt‐Based Self‐Supported Material for Electrocatalytic Water Splitting

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