Polymer Blends

Abstract

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Market Requirements 3. Blend Technologies 3.1. Thermodynamics 3.2. Compatibility 3.3. Compounding 3.4. Reactive Compounding 3.5. Mechanical Properties 3.6. Additives 4. Property and Application Profiles of Selected Blends 4.1. Polyolefins 4.2. Poly(Vinyl Chloride) 4.3. Styrene Polymers and Copolymers 4.4. Polyamides 4.5. Poly(2,6‐Dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene Ether) 4.6. Polycarbonates 4.7. Polyesters 4.8. Polyetherimides 4.9. Polysulfones 4.10. Polyoxymethylenes 4.11. Polyarylates and Copolyarylate–Carbonate Blends 4.12. LC‐Polyesters in Blends 4.13. Poly(Phenylene Sulfide) 5. General Application Technology 5.1. Processing of Blends 5.2. Design Technology 6. Future Developments 6.1. Recycling 6.2. Blends from Biopolymers 6.3. New Developments 6.4. Outlook

Reaction Kinetics of Recycled Polyethylene Terephthalate with PMDA Chain Extender Analyzed by a Microcompounder

“…33 The reaction is initiated by the application of shear forces and heat, and it can be halted by discharging the material from the processing device followed by subsequent cooling. 14 The data relevant to the processing, such as the applied force over time, allows to draw conclusions on the reaction and the associated reaction kinetics, which can be essential for optimizing the processing conditions. 34−37 In this context, kinetic analyses are aiming to determine the reaction rate constant of the corresponding chain extension.…”

“…The incorporation of the chain extender is usually accomplished by reactive extrusion. ,,,,, Extrusion offers a fast, simple, and inexpensive route for achieving chain extension since the additive is processed directly with the polymers to be modified in an extruder or a corresponding laboratory device . The reaction is initiated by the application of shear forces and heat, and it can be halted by discharging the material from the processing device followed by subsequent cooling . The data relevant to the processing, such as the applied force over time, allows to draw conclusions on the reaction and the associated reaction kinetics, which can be essential for optimizing the processing conditions. − In this context, kinetic analyses are aiming to determine the reaction rate constant of the corresponding chain extension. , In reactive extrusion, the reaction rate, expressed by the rate constant “ k ”, can be determined by the increasing viscosity, which is reflected in the increasing torque during processing.…”

“…These chain extenders are usually bi- or multifunctional oligomers or low molecular weight substances that, when melt blended with a polymer, reach the reactive ends and groups via diffusion processes. − Linkage reactions occur in close proximity to the nucleophilic functional groups of the polymer chain ends due to the electrophilic nature of the chain extension groups . In this context, epoxides, − anhydrides, − ,, carbodiimides, isocyanates, , oxazolines, , and phosphites , are commonly used.…”