Polymer based flocculants: Review of water purification applications

Moud, Aref Abbasi

doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2022.102938

Cited by 37 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 182 publications

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“…As a result, high molar mass flocculating polymers tend to promote greater sedimentation compared to materials with low

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values. [ 45 ] When comparing the performance of the three additives synthesized with 1.00% initiator (samples PACN2‐1, PACN4‐1, and PDCN2‐1), we observed that the products obtained from ACN has greater flocculation power than the products obtained from DCN. This behaviour is again coherent, since the products obtained from the reaction with ACN had higher molar masses than the product PDCN2‐1, besides having broader molar mass distribution curves.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycardanol's potential to deasphalt crude oil: Influence of polymer conversion degree, molar mass, and structure

2023

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Cardanol is a natural material that acts to stabilize asphaltenes in crude oil. However, its derivative, polycardanol, obtained via cationic polymerization, has divergent behaviour, with reports of its acting both as asphaltenes stabilizer and flocculant. Recently, it was demonstrated that the reaction conditions influence the conversion rates, structures, and molar masses of the products from synthesizing polycardanol initiated with BF3 · O(C2H5)2. Seeking to elucidate the influence of these variables on the phase behaviour of asphaltenes, in this work six products, previously synthesized and characterized, had their performance evaluated by asphaltenes precipitation onset, using n‐heptane titration and monitoring by near‐infrared spectroscopy, using asphaltenes model systems (C5I and C7I) at 1.00 wt./vol.% in toluene. All the products had the ability to flocculate asphaltenes and have potential for deasphalting process. Flocculation efficiency increased with rising molar mass, higher reaction conversion degree, and presence of lateral hydrocarbon chains. The most efficient structures were not affected by the presence of unreacted cardanol. This indicated that the reaction does not require a purification step. Aged cardanol was also able to produce flocculant polymer, indicating that the distillation of cardanol is not required. The cost to obtain a product without needing reagent distillation becomes lower.

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“…As a result, high molar mass flocculating polymers tend to promote greater sedimentation compared to materials with low

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycardanol's potential to deasphalt crude oil: Influence of polymer conversion degree, molar mass, and structure

2023

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“…This is consistent with previously described dual component star polymer materials that are more efficient flocculants compared to their single component counterparts. [30] TGA was performed to determine the grafting percentages in the modified ACs (Figure 5). All AC samples showed a small initial weight loss at $100 C, corresponding to the evaporation of moisture.…”

Section: Peak Labelmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of a novel non‐leaching flocculant, derived from activated carbon and polyacrylamide

et al. 2023

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Canadian oil sands are the third largest oil reserves in the world, containing an estimated 28.3 billion m3 of recoverable bitumen. Extraction of bitumen via surface mining and water‐based extraction leads to the formation of tailings ponds, which contain slow settling mature fine tailings (MFT). These MFT can take hundreds of years to settle on their own. Polymer flocculants are used to improve the settling rate of the MFT. This requires a significant amount of polymer, which may itself have environmental impacts. Here, we describe development of a solid‐state flocculant using activated carbon (AC) as a backbone for polyacrylamide (PAM) flocculant branches, with the intention that this solid‐state flocculant would reduce the amount of polymer applied, replacing the bulk of the material with hydrophobic AC, and limit leaching of these materials. The development of this flocculant is achieved by bromination of AC followed by reaction with cis‐octadecen‐1‐ol at the carbon surface. Subsequently, PAM was attached to the alkene of the enol via thermally induced radical polymerization. This AC‐PAM demonstrated effective flocculation of 5% MFTs at a minimum dosage of 120,000 ppm with an initial settling rate of 33 m/h. Thermogravimetric analysis determined that the AC‐PAM had 2% PAM content, indicating that the system only uses 2400 ppm polymer, which is a significant reduction when compared to the typical 20,000 ppm of PAM otherwise required to flocculate 5% MFTs. This demonstrates a marked reduction in the polymer required to flocculate MFTs, reducing potential environment impact.

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“…Traditional inorganic flocculants effectively remove colloidal substances, suspended particles, and turbidity from water, but it is more difficult to remove dissolved heavy metal ions [ 4 ]. In actual applications, the factors affecting the coagulation effect (agent dose) are complex, including pollutant type, pollutant concentration, external water conditions, and water temperature, pH, and alkalinity, among others [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. Since the flocculation process of organic flocculants is a hydrolysis reaction, which requires a greater calorific value, its co-agglomeration effect (dosage) is more influenced by temperature and other variables [ 11 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Heavy Metal Trapping Flocculant Polyacrylamide–Glutathione and Its Application for Cadmium Removal from Water

et al. 2023

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In this study, a heavy metal trapping gel with multiple ligand groups was prepared for the first time using response surface methodology. The gel was produced by condensing and grafting glutathione as a grafting monomer onto the main polyacrylamide chain, based on the Mannich reaction mechanism with formaldehyde. FTIR, SEM, TG-DSC, and zeta potentials were used to characterize the gel. The results demonstrated that the gel was morphologically folded and porous, with a net-like structure, which enhanced its net trapping and sweeping abilities, and that glutathione was used to provide sulfhydryl groups to boost the metal trapping ability of polyacrylamide. Coagulation experiments showed that the highest efficiency of the removal of Cd ions from water samples was achieved when the concentration of polyacrylamide–glutathione was 84.48 mgL−1, the concentration of Cd was 10.0 mgL−1, the initial turbidity was 10.40 NTU, and the initial pH was 9.0. Furthermore, the presence of two cations, Cu and Zn, had an inhibitory effect on the removal of Cd ions. In addition, analysis of the zeta potential revealed the flocculation of polyacrylamide–glutathione. The flocculation mechanism of glutathione is mainly chelation, adsorption bridging, and netting sweeping.

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Polymer based flocculants: Review of water purification applications

Cited by 37 publications

References 182 publications

Polycardanol's potential to deasphalt crude oil: Influence of polymer conversion degree, molar mass, and structure

Polycardanol's potential to deasphalt crude oil: Influence of polymer conversion degree, molar mass, and structure

The development of a novel non‐leaching flocculant, derived from activated carbon and polyacrylamide

Preparation of Heavy Metal Trapping Flocculant Polyacrylamide–Glutathione and Its Application for Cadmium Removal from Water

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