Polyketide Biosynthesis: Fungi

Abstract

Fungi produce a wide variety of biologically active compounds. Among these compounds, the polyketides form a large and structurally diverse group. These compounds are synthesized by highly programmed, large iterative multifunctional proteins, which are called the polyketide synthases. This review describes the structure and biosynthesis of polyketide fungal metabolites and highlights recent work on the links between gene sequence, protein architecture, and biosynthetic programming for fungal polyketide synthases.

In Vitro Reconstitution of Metabolic Pathways: Insights into Nature’s Chemical Logic

“…Fungi produce polyketides that have clinically relevant antifungal (griseofulvin), immunosuppressive (mycophenolic acid), or cholesterol-lowering properties (lovastatin). 57 Other polyketides, such as the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1, are extremely potent environmental toxins. 57 For the purposes of this discussion, fungal PKSs can be classified into two types, depending on their reducing abilities: nonreducing PSKs (NR-PKSs) or highly-reducing PKSs (HR-PKSs).…”

“…57 Other polyketides, such as the mycotoxin aflatoxin B1, are extremely potent environmental toxins. 57 For the purposes of this discussion, fungal PKSs can be classified into two types, depending on their reducing abilities: nonreducing PSKs (NR-PKSs) or highly-reducing PKSs (HR-PKSs). Organizationally, fungal PKSs are reminiscent of aromatic bacterial PKSs, in that their enzymatic domains perform iterative cycles of chain extension.…”

Análise transcricional do fitopatógeno Fusarium graminearum Schwabe na interação antagonista com a bactéria Pantoea agglomerans Gavini.

“…Em fungos, estes componentes são sintetizados por enzimas multifuncionais, ou seja, apresentam uma estrutura modular, onde cada módulo subdivide-se em domínios envolvidos em cada etapa da catálise de metabólitos (MOFFITT; NEILAN, 2000;SIMPSON, 1995).…”

"Caracterização molecular de cianobactérias brasileiras e distribuição de genes de produtos naturais"

“…Acetato e malonato são utilizados pelas PKSs como iniciadores de cadeia, assim como propionato, butirato, benzoato, cinamato e aminoácidos também podem ser iniciadores de cadeia. Malonato, metilmalonato e etilmalonato são utilizados como unidades de elongação, contribuindo assim para a diversidade de compostos produzidos por essas enzimas (SIMPSON, 1995). Em alguns sistemas híbridos foi detectado um grupo de multienzimas complexas que apresentam um módulo de PKS e de NRPS em um mesmo ORF ("Open Reading Frame"quadro aberto de leitura) (DITTMANN et al, 1999;SILAKOWSKI et al, 1999).…”