Polygalacturonase in the salivary apparatus of Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera)

Strong, Frank E.; Kruitwagen, Els

doi:10.1016/0022-1910(68)90050-4

Cited by 63 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…lineolatus (D'Ovidio et al, 2004) (L.) and C. norwegicus. Endo-PGs (and occasionally exoPGs), secreted by the salivary glands, appear to be common in the Miridae, the largest heteropteran family, in terms of number of species (Laurema & Nuorteva, 1961;Strong & Kruitwagen, 1968;Strong, 1970;Miles, 1972;Laurema et al, 1985;Martin et al, 1988;Agblor et al, 1994;Cohen & Wheeler, 1998;Agusti & Cohen, 2000;Boyd et al, 2002;D'Ovidio et al, 2004;Shackel et al, 2005;reviewed by Wheeler, 2001). Mirid saliva also contains amylases and proteases and some minor enzymes; however PGs are closely associated with the lacerate-and-flush feeding strategy typical of mirids and appear to be the major cause of damage to plants (reviewed by Wheeler, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These enzymes are associated with feeding in both piercing-sucking (Adams & McAllan, 1956;Laurema & Nuorteva, 1961;Strong & Kruitwagen, 1968;Strong, 1970;Miles, 1972;Laurema et al, 1985;Ma et al, 1990;Agblor et al, 1994;Cohen & Wheeler, 1998;Miles, 1999;Agusti & Cohen, 2000;Cherqui & Tjallingii, 2000;Boyd et al, 2002;Shen et al, 2003;D'Ovidio et al, 2004;Shackel et al, 2005) and chewing species (Shen et al, 1996;Doostdar et al, 1997;Girard & Jouanin, 1999;Shen et al, 2003), and appear to play an important role in insect-plant interactions. PGs are present in species belonging to different insect taxa, but especially common in mirid bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) (Laurema & Nuorteva, 1961;Strong & Kruitwagen, 1968;Strong, 1970;Laurema et al, 1985;Agblor et al, 1994;Agusti & Cohen, 2000;Boyd et al, 2002;D'Ovidio et al, 2004;Shackel et al, 2005;reviewed by Wheeler, 2001). In nematodes, an exo-PG was cloned from the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) (Jaubert et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Activity of endo-polygalacturonases in mirid bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) and their inhibition by plant cell wall proteins (PGIPs)

Frati¹,

Galletti²,

Lorenzo³

et al. 2006

Eur. J. Entomol.

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Abstract. Endo-polygalacturonases (PGs) are hydrolytic enzymes involved in the degradation of pectin, one of the major components of plant cell wall. While PGs from fungi, bacteria and plants have been extensively studied, PGs from insects are much less known, although they are likely to play an important role in insect-plant interactions. Presence of PGs has been reported for both piercing-sucking and chewing insect species, and possibly more commonly in mirid bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae). A screening of some common mirid species and other insects, belonging to different orders and families, was conducted using agarose diffusion assays run at different pHs. All the mirid species tested [Lygus rugulipennis Popp., L. pratensis (L.), Orthops kalmi (L.), Adelphocoris lineolatus (Goeze) and Closterotomus norwegicus (Gmelin)] showed PG activity, mainly at pH 7-8, whereas no activity was recorded for the other insect species, except Sitophilus sp. (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). PG activity in females of L. pratensis was significantly higher than in males, whereas there were no differences between the sexes in the other species. In all these species, PGs were present both in the salivary glands and the gut, with a higher activity in the salivary glands, confirming the role of these enzymes in the feeding behaviour of mirid bugs. Inhibition of mirid PGs by polygalacturonase-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) from different plant sources was analysed at pH 7. PGIPs are extracellular plant proteins known for their ability to inhibit fungal PGs and restrict fungal colonization. Two PGIPs from Phaseolus vulgaris (PvPGIP3 and PvPGIP4) inhibited PGs of all the mirid bugs tested. This information may be helpful for the development of innovative insect-resistant plant varieties, for use in low-impact IPM.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Activity of endo-polygalacturonases in mirid bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) and their inhibition by plant cell wall proteins (PGIPs)

Frati¹,

Galletti²,

Lorenzo³

et al. 2006

Eur. J. Entomol.

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“…In their early work on WTPB salivary PG, Strong and Kruitwagen (1968) speculated that the insect produced more than one PG, with the PG complement including both endo-and exo-acting enzymes. Our data confirm this speculation.…”

Section: Complexity Of Lygus Salivary Polygalacturonasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Aliquots were taken from the incubation mixture over time for measurement of reducing sugars generated and analysis of PGA digestion products (see below). Polygalacturonase activity was tested under acidic conditions, since it has been reported that pH 5 is optimal for WTPB salivary gland PG activity (Strong and Kruitwagen, 1968).…”

Section: Polygalacturonase Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Almost four decades ago it had been concluded that the injury caused by Lygus hesperus feeding was due principally to the enzymatic digestion of the plant's tissue by PG secreted during feeding (Strong, 1970), but clear proof of this was lacking until recently (Shackel et al, 2005). Strong and Kruitwagen (1968) reported PG activity in the salivary apparatus of L. hesperus and suspected the presence of two or three PGs with either endo-or exo-or both hydrolytic modes of action. Endo-polygalacturonases degrade the PGA component of the plant cell wall randomly, generating galacturonic acid (GalA)-containing oligosaccharides of varying sizes as products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Identification of endo‐ and exo‐polygalacturonase activity in Lygus hesperus (Knight) salivary glands

Celorio‐Mancera

Greve

Teuber

et al. 2008

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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Polygalacturonase (PG) activity found in the salivary gland apparatus of the western tarnished plant bug (WTPB, Lygus hesperus Knight) has been thought to be the main chemical cause of the damage inflicted by this mirid when feeding on its plant hosts. Early viscosity and thermal stability studies of the PG activity in L. hesperus protein extracts were difficult to interpret. Thus, it has been suggested that one or more PG protein(s) with different hydrolytic modes of action are produced by this mirid. In order to understand the quantitative complexity of the WTPB salivary PG activity, PG purification from a protein extract from salivary glands excised from L. hesperus insects was performed using affinity and ion exchange chromatography. To elucidate the qualitative complexity of the purified PGs, the digestion products generated by the PGs were separated using high performance anion exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. At least five PG proteins were detected; these differing in terms of their glycosylation, mass-to-charge ratios, and/or molecular mass. The characterization of the products generated by these PGs showed that endo- and exo-acting PGs are produced by WTPB. Although none of the PGs was purified to homogeneity, the present work provides biochemical evidence of a multiplicity of PGs that degrade the pectin component of the plant tissue in different fashions. The implications of these findings affect the understanding of WTPB feeding damage and, potentially, help identify ways to control this important crop pest. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 2008. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

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Micro‐injection of lygus salivary gland proteins to simulate feeding damage in alfalfa and cotton flowers

Shackel

Celorio‐Mancera

Ahmadi

et al. 2005

Arch Insect Biochem Physiol

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Alfalfa and cotton flowers were pierced with small glass capillaries of an overall size and shape similar to that of Lygus stylets, and injected with small quantities (6 to 100 nL) of solutions that contained Lygus salivary enzymes. Crude and partially purified protein solutions from Lygus heads and isolated salivary glands showed substantial polygalacturonase (PG) activity, as has been previously reported. Following injection with both crude and partially purified protein solutions, as well as with pure fungal and bacterial PGs, flowers of both alfalfa and cotton exhibited damage similar to that caused by Lygus feeding. Injection with the same volume of a buffer control as well as a buffer control containing BSA at a comparable protein concentration (approximately 6 microg/mL) showed no symptoms. These results are consistent with a previously suggested hypothesis that the extensive tissue damage caused by Lygus feeding is primarily due to the action of the PG enzyme on the host tissue, rather than to mechanical damage caused by the insect stylet. Substantial genotypic variation for a PG inhibiting protein (PGIP) exists in alfalfa and cotton. We, therefore, suggest that breeding and selection for increased native PGIP levels, or transformation with genes encoding PGIP from other plant species, may be of value in obtaining alfalfa and cotton varieties that are more resistant to Lygus feeding damage.

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Polygalacturonase in the salivary apparatus of Lygus hesperus (Hemiptera)

Cited by 63 publications

References 13 publications

Activity of endo-polygalacturonases in mirid bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) and their inhibition by plant cell wall proteins (PGIPs)

Activity of endo-polygalacturonases in mirid bugs (Heteroptera: Miridae) and their inhibition by plant cell wall proteins (PGIPs)

Identification of endo‐ and exo‐polygalacturonase activity in Lygus hesperus (Knight) salivary glands

Micro‐injection of lygus salivary gland proteins to simulate feeding damage in alfalfa and cotton flowers

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