“…Compared with small-molecule drugs, protein drugs have become a hot field of new drug development because of their high activity, high specificity, low physiological toxicity and good biocompatibility. However, the unique molecular structure and biochemical characteristics rapidly inactivate protein drugs in complex biological environments, which limits their application to biomedicine ( Yu Y. et al, 2021 ). It has been shown that nanocomposite hydrogels can encapsulate protein drugs in their internal network structure, thus protecting them from the external environment ( Li M. et al, 2017 ; Wang Z. et al, 2019 ; Zhou et al, 2022 ).…”