Polyethylene glycol 4000 as a continuously administered non-absorbable faecal marker for metabolic balance studies in human subjects

Wilkinson, Robert H.

doi:10.1136/gut.12.8.654

Cited by 78 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Davies et aL (33) studied the acute effects (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20) days) of therapy with 1,25(OH)2D3 (1 ,ug daily) on calcium balance in five osteoporotic patients. Four of these were in positive calcium balance at base line and did not change significantly with treatment.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The patient's habitual calcium intake was estimated by a dietitian by interview and by inspection of a 7-day food record kept by the patient. Each patient was maintained on a constant daily diet which was matched to the dietitian's estimate for the duration ofthe study; 500 mg ofpolyethylene glycol 4000 was given three times a day with meals as a nonabsorbable fecal marker (17). After 7 days on the diet and the marker had elapsed for equilibration, daily collections of stools and urine were made for a further 7 days.…”

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confidence: 99%

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1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: short- and long-term effects on bone and calcium metabolism in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Gallagher¹,

Jerpbak²,

Jee³

et al. 1982

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

164

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We evaluated the effects of therapy with a small dose (0.5 Iug/day) of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 in 12 previously untreated patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Combined radiocalcium kinetic and balance studies showed that at base line, net calcium absorption (mean ± SEM) was low (7 + 3%), calcium balance was negative (-59 ± 22 mg/day), and bone resorption rate (297 ± 40 mg/day) exceeded bone formation rate (239 ± 36 mg/day). After short-term therapy (6-8 months), calcium absorption was normal (27 ± 3%, P < 0.001 for difference from base line), calcium balance had improved (+2 + 26 mg/day, P < 0.05), and bone resorption rate (195 ± 35 mg/day, P < 0.01) had decreased more than bone formation rate (197 ± 26 mg/day, NS). Compared with base-line values, after long-term therapy (2 years) the increased level of calcium absorption was maintained (27 ± 3%, P < 0.001), but calcium retention declined to a level intermediate (-27 ± 24 mg/day, NS) between base-line and shortterm treatment values, and both bone resorption rate (294 ± 33 mg/day, NS) and bone formation rate (267 + 34 mg/day, NS) increased. Urinary hydroxyproline excretion was lower than before treatment (26.3 ± 2.0 mg/day) after both short-term (21.1 ± 1.6 mg/day, P < 0.001) and long-term (22.0 ± 1.8 mg/day, P < 0.01) treatments. Trabecular bone volume was 11.3 ± 1.0% at base line and increased to 16.0 ± 1.2% (P < 0.01) after long-term treatment. By contrast, the eight patients studied before and after 6-8 months of placebo treatment had no significant change in any variable.Many investigators have found that a substantial proportion of patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis have impaired intestinal calcium absorption as assessed either by metabolic balance or by absorption ofradiocalcium (1-6). We have previously reported (6) that patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis have a significant decrease in mean serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D], the major hormonal factor controlling calcium absorption. Some (7-9) but not all (10) investigators also have found that serum 1,25(OH)2D was low normal or low in patients with osteoporosis. Another group (11) reported that, when patients with osteoporosis were stratified on the basis of calcium absorption, those with calcium malabsorption had serum 1,25(OH)2D levels that were significantly lower than normal. In that same study, the women with osteoporosis had no change in serum 1,25(OH)2D levels in response to a low-calcium diet, whereas the normal control subjects had significant increases.It is not known whether the impaired calcium absorption contributes to the negative calcium balance characteristic of osteoporosis. We have previously reported that treatment with a small dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 for 7 days normalizes calcium absorption in patients with this disorder (6). The current study was undertaken to determine whether this result could be maintained with continued treatment and, if so, whether it would have a beneficial effect on abnormal bone and calcium metabolism characteristic of untrea...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: short- and long-term effects on bone and calcium metabolism in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Gallagher¹,

Jerpbak²,

Jee³

et al. 1982

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

164

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“…Polyethylene glycol stool mlarker (500( mg) was administered orally 3 times/d to permit estimlationi of the recovery of radioactivity in feces (30).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production, degradation, and circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in health and in chronic glucocorticoid excess.

Kumar²,

et al. 1980

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A B S T R A C T The decreasedl intestinal absorption of calcium and accelerated l)one loss associate(l with chronic glucocorticoid excess may be mediated by changes in vitamin D metabolism, leading to dlecreased availability of circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D. This hypothesis was examined in 14 patients with either endogenous or exogenous glucocorticoid excess. Analysis of paired serum samples (mean ±SE) in 13 patients duiring euglucocorticoidlisml-and dutring hyperglucocorticoidism showed that glucocorticoid excess resulted in small decreases of plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (22+2-18±2 ng/ml; P < 0.05) lbut no significant chaniges in plasmiia 1,25-dihydroxyvitamini D (32 ± 8-23±+46 pg/ml) or serum immunoreactive parathyroi(l hormone (21±2-18±2 ,uleq/ml). Additionally, we studied plasmna kinetics of[3H] 1 ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 after intravenotus bolus administration in 10 hyperglucocorticoid patients and in 14 normal controls. Assessmiient with a threecompartment model showe(d no significant abnormalities in production rates (hyperglucocorticoid patients 1.2±0.3 ,g/d, controls 1.5±0.2 ,ugld) or metabolic clearance rates (hyperglucocorticoid patients, 32 ± 3 ml/ min; controls 31+3 ml/min). Moreover, there were no significant differences in ciumulative excretion of radioactivity in urine (hyperglutcocorticoid patieints 18±2%; controls, 14±2%) or f'eces (hyperglucocorticoid patients, 60±9%, controls, 54+6%). We conclude that glucocorticoid excess does not effect plasma levels, production, or degradation of 1,25(OH)2D in hunIans. Thus, other mechanisms mutst be postulated to explain satisfactorily the abnormialities of bone structure and intestinal calciumn absorption that maiy occur after chronic glucocoi-ticoidl therapy.

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“…129 PEG is poorly absorbed systemically, and does not appear to be associated with an increased risk of malformations in pregnant women. 130 25. Statement : Long-term administration of polyethylene glycol is recommended because serious adverse reactions are rare.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Functional Constipation in Korea, 2015 Revised Edition

Shin

Jung

Lee

et al. 2016

J Neurogastroenterol Motil

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The Korean Society of Neurogastroenterology and Motility first published guidelines for chronic constipation in 2005 and was updated in 2011. Although the guidelines were updated using evidence-based process, they lacked multidisciplinary participation and did not include a diagnostic approach for chronic constipation. This article includes guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of chronic constipation to realistically fit the situation in Korea and to be applicable to clinical practice. The guideline development was based upon the adaptation method because research evidence was limited in Korea, and an organized multidisciplinary group carried out systematical literature review and series of evidence-based evaluations. Six guidelines were selected using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation (AGREE) II process. A total 37 recommendations were adopted, including 4 concerning the definition and risk factors of chronic constipation, 8 regarding diagnoses, and 25 regarding treatments. The guidelines are intended to help primary physicians and general health professionals in clinical practice in Korea, to provide the principles of medical treatment to medical students, residents, and other healthcare professionals, and to help patients for choosing medical services based on the information. These guidelines will be updated and revised periodically to reflect new diagnostic and therapeutic methods.

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Polyethylene glycol 4000 as a continuously administered non-absorbable faecal marker for metabolic balance studies in human subjects

Cited by 78 publications

References 23 publications

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: short- and long-term effects on bone and calcium metabolism in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis.

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3: short- and long-term effects on bone and calcium metabolism in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis.

Production, degradation, and circulating levels of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in health and in chronic glucocorticoid excess.

Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Functional Constipation in Korea, 2015 Revised Edition

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