Polydiacetylene‐Based Biosensors for the Detection of Viruses and Related Biomolecules

Abstract

Viruses are a major threat to the wellbeing of humans, animals, and plants. The current diagnostics of viral RNA/DNA are largely dependent on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and related concepts. Serological and immunological assays on the other hand aim to identify the presence of antibodies. Alternative approaches that consider non-biological entities as part of the sensing setup might be a complementary path to alleviate the pressure on access to high-quality biomolecules and PCR reagents. In this context, polydiacetylenes are widely explored as biosensors because these polymers can be synthesized in situ only with the assistance of light in the desired environment. In addition, this unique group of polymers can be utilized as biosensors to detect an assortment of biomolecules and pathogens with dual optical outputs. The detection of viruses and related biomolecules with polydiacetylenes have been explored over the course of the past three decades. This progress report aims to provide a comprehensive summary of polydiacetylene-based biosensors for the detection of viruses and also related biomolecules, including nucleic acids and proteins. Given the current situation, this progress report will hopefully inspire scientists and contribute to the development of novel biosensors for the fast and effective detection of viruses.

A novel colorimetric biosensor for detecting SARS-CoV-2 by utilizing the interaction between nucleocapsid antibody and spike proteins

“…Charych et al (1993) first reported a PDA-based sensor that could detect hemagglutinin of the influenza virus [ 16 ]. Lately, PDA-based sensors have been reported to detect influenza virus, hepatitis B, foot-and-mouth virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, feline calicivirus, and vaccinia virus [ 15 , 17 , 18 ], suggesting a potential of using PDAs as a colorimetric sensor for coronavirus detection [ 19 – 21 ]. To the best of our knowledge, no report has been published that describes a PDA-based colorimetric sensor to detect SARS-CoV-2.…”

Polydiacetylene Vesicles Acting as Colorimetric Sensor for the Detection of Plantaricin LD1 Purified From Lactobacillus Plantarum LD1

“…The same has also been con rmed by nisin which is known to interact with the cell membrane of target bacteria [47]. The bilayer-structured PDA vesicles in physiological environments can be easily obtained from the assembly of amphiphilic diacetylene monomers with phospholipids incorporated, which resemble the cellular membrane structure, making them ideal for bio-sensing purposes and for studying protein-membrane interactions [41]. In this membrane model the visible quanti able color changes were monitored in after peptide membrane interactions [48].…”

“…Further, the vesicles could be able to detect lower concentration of plantaricin LD1 in solution and resulted in an increase in color change and CR% indicating the sensitivity of the assay. The applications of PDA vesicles based sensors have also been explored in the other areas such as high-throughput screening of membrane acting antimicrobial peptides, pathogenic/food borne bacteria [11] and viruses (In uenza and latest coronavirus SARS-CoV-2) [41]. The authors have demonstrated great potential in providing a simple, low-cost, accurate and fastspeed detecting method alternative for the current methods which are too expensive and time-consuming for analyzing a large number of samples [44].…”

“…PDA vesicle-based colorimetric assay is simple and easy suggesting potential applications in diverse elds [40]. PDA vesicles are widely explored as biosensors/biomimetic nature because these polymers can be synthesized in situ only with the assistance of light in the desired environment and addition of phospholipids into the PDA bilayer matrix to increase the uidity of the arti cial cell membrane-like assembly [41]. In our previous study, PDA vesicles were prepared, optimized and used for the screening of bacteriocins and halocins from LAB and haloarchaea, respectively [18].…”

All‐in‐One DNA Extraction Tube for Facilitated Real‐Time Detection of Infectious Pathogens

“…Since the outbreak of the pandemic virus such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, securing a rapid but reliable and accurate identification of the causative pathogens became of crucial importance. [ 1–4 ] To date, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based genetic analysis is regarded as the most reliable gold standard diagnostic method due to its high accuracy and sensitivity toward the target biomarkers. [ 5,6 ] However, such a diagnostic method involves complex, laborsome steps of DNA extraction and harvest, amplification, and detection of the pathogen.…”