Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Risk of Endometrial Cancer: a Mini-Review

Tokmak, Aytekin; Kokanali, Mahmut Kuntay; Güzel, Ali İrfan; Kara, Aydan Sezer; Topçu, Hasan Onur; Cavkaytar, Sabri

doi:10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.17.7011

Cited by 27 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(30 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Besides the typical consumption of milk as part of the protein shake, undeclared anabolic androgenic steroids are found in up to 15% of commercially available non-hormonal supplements (i.e., protein drinks) [54]. Though no data are available on this consumption and endometrial cancer, one risk factor of PCOS relates to dysfunction of androgen receptors leading to hyperandrogenism and an increased risk of endometrial cancer [55,56]. Protective factors may be physical activity [57] and oral contraceptive use [58].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium exposure and endometrial cancer risk: A large midwestern U.S. population-based case-control study

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Estrogen-mimicking chemicals, such as cadmium, may be associated with increased susceptibility to hormone-dependent cancers, though supporting data are sparse, particularly for endometrial cancer. The Health and Environmental Exposure Research (HEER) study worked with the Arkansas Central Cancer Registry, Iowa Cancer Registry and Missouri Cancer Registry to obtain names of women diagnosed with endometrial cancer who were willing to be contacted for participation in our case control study. Voter registration lists from Iowa and Missouri were used to randomly select similarly aged women as represented in the case population. Participants were interviewed by telephone to obtain information on known or suspected endometrial risk factors. Urine kits were sent to participants for home collection and returned for analysis. Our case-control study consisted of 631 incident cases of endometrial cancer diagnosed from January 2010 to October 2012 and 879 age-matched population-based controls, ages 18–81 years (mean age 65 years). We quantified cadmium amounts in urine and standardized these values through creatinine adjustment. Using data from all survey completers, we developed a multivariable model for endometrial cancer. Creatinine-adjusted cadmium concentration was added to this model. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for endometrial cancer were calculated. After multivariable adjustment, higher creatinine-adjusted cadmium exposure was associated with a statistically significant increase of endometrial cancer risk (OR: 1.22; 95% CI: 1.03–1.44). Our results provide evidence that cadmium may increase the risk of endometrial cancer, possibly through estrogenic effects.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium exposure and endometrial cancer risk: A large midwestern U.S. population-based case-control study

et al. 2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Endometrial cancer is 2-3 times more frequent in women with PCOS [73][74][75]. In spite of the frequent presence of additional risk factors for gynecological cancers such as obesity, hyperandrogenism, and unopposed estrogen stimulation, the insulin pro-cancer effect is considered well established in PCOS patients.…”

Section: Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (Pcos)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Insulin, insulin receptors, and cancer

Vigneri

Goldfine

Frittitta

2016

J Endocrinol Invest

183

147

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Insulin is a major regulator of cell metabolism but, in addition, is also a growth factor. Insulin effects in target cells are mediated by the insulin receptor (IR), a transmembrane protein with enzymatic (tyrosine kinase) activity. The insulin receptor, however, is represented by a heterogeneous family of proteins, including two different IR isoforms and also hybrid receptors resulting from the IR hemireceptor combination with a hemireceptor of the cognate IGF-1 receptor. These different receptors may bind insulin and its analogs with different affinity and produce different biologic effects. Since many years, it is known that many cancer cells require insulin for optimal in vitro growth. Recent data indicate that: (1) insulin stimulates growth mainly via its own receptor and not the IGF-1 receptor; (2) in many cancer cells, the IR is overexpressed and the A isoform, which has a predominant mitogenic effect, is more represented than the B isoform. These characteristics provide a selective growth advantage to malignant cells when exposed to insulin. For this reason, all conditions of hyperinsulinemia, both endogenous (prediabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, type 2 diabetes before pancreas exhaustion and polycystic ovary syndrome) and exogenous (type 1 diabetes) will increase the risk of cancer. Cancer-related mortality is also increased in patients exposed to hyperinsulinemia but other factors, related to the different diseases, may also contribute. The complexity of the diseases associated with hyperinsulinemia and their therapies does not allow a precise evaluation of the cancer-promoting effect of hyperinsulinemia, but its detrimental effect on cancer incidence and mortality is well documented.

show abstract

“…There is a hypothesis that micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations could have a predictive value for cancer and therefore substitute chromosomal aberrations as cancer risk biomarkers (Aardema et al, 1998). Women with PCOS have a nearly 3 times increased risk for developing endometrial cancer, the association between PCOS and endometrial cancer involves prolonged endometrial exposure to unopposed estrogen by cyclic progesterone due to anovulation (Tokmak et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multi-Parameter Approach for Evaluation of Genomic Instability in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Sekar¹,

Nair²,

Francis³

et al. 2015

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: The polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation, is a common endocrine disorder in women. PCOS, which is associated with polycystic ovaries, hirsutism, obesity and insulin resistance, is a leading cause of female infertility. In this condition there is an imbalance in female sex hormones. All the sequelae symptoms of PCOS gradually lead to cancer in the course of time. It is heterogeneous disorder of unknown etiology so it is essential to find the exact cause. Materials and Methods: In this study both invasive and non-invasive techniques were employed to establish the etiology. Diagnosis was based on Rotterdam criteria (hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, PCOM) and multiparameters using buccal samples and dermatoglypic analysis and cytogenetic study for 10 cases and four age and sex matched controls. Results: In clinical analysis we have observed the mean value of total testosterone level was 23.6nmol/L, total hirsutism score was from 12-24, facial acne was found in in 70% patients with 7-12 subcapsular follicular cysts, each measuring 2-8 mm in diameter. In dermatoglypic analysis we observed increases in mean value (45.9°) of ATD angle when compared with control group and also found increased frequency (38%) of Ulnar loops on both fingers (UU), (18%) whorls on the right finger and Ulnar loop on left finger (WU) and (16%) arches on right and left fingers (AA) were observed in PCOS patients when compared with control subjects. Features which could be applied as markers for PCOS patients are the presence of Ulnar loops in middle and little fingers of right and left hand. The buccal micronucleus cytome assay in exfoliated buccal cells, we found decrease in frequency of micronuclei and significant increases in frequency of karyolysed nuclei in polycystic ovarian syndrome patients. Chromosome aberration analysis revealed a significant increase in frequency of chromosome aberrations (CAs) in PCOS patients when compared with controls. Conclusions: From this present work it can be concluded that non-invasive technique like dermatoglypics analysis and buccal micronucleus cytome assays with exfoliated buccal cell can also be effective biomarkers for PCOS, along with increased CAs in lymphocytes as a sign of genetic instability. There is a hypothesis that micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations could have a predictive value for cancer. From this present work it can be concluded to some extent that non-invasive technique like dermatoglypics and buccal cell analysis can also be effective for diagnosis.

show abstract

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Risk of Endometrial Cancer: a Mini-Review

Cited by 27 publications

References 33 publications

Cadmium exposure and endometrial cancer risk: A large midwestern U.S. population-based case-control study

Cadmium exposure and endometrial cancer risk: A large midwestern U.S. population-based case-control study

Insulin, insulin receptors, and cancer

Multi-Parameter Approach for Evaluation of Genomic Instability in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About