“…The soil used in this study was characterized by a low content of organic matter and a high content of the sand fraction, which might result in a lower adsorption of NSAIDs to soil components and a higher availability of drugs for soil microorganisms (Xu et al, 2010; González-Naranjo et al, 2013; Vasiliadou et al, 2013; Estevez et al, 2014; Graouer-Bacart et al, 2016). This effect was also observed in relation to other organic compounds such as pesticides (Karpouzas and Walker, 2000; Liang et al, 2011; Cycoń et al, 2014), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Sverdrup et al, 2002; Rivas et al, 2008; Chen and Yuan, 2011) and other pharmaceuticals (Topp et al, 2008b; Sabourin et al, 2009; Al-Rajab et al, 2015; Barra Caracciolo et al, 2015). In addition, the observed effect might also be related to the chemical structure and physico-chemical properties of an individual NSAID that determine its toxicity to soil microorganisms (Dastidar et al, 2000; Paje et al, 2002; Lawrence et al, 2007) and the susceptibility to degradation processes (Xu et al, 2009; Al-Rajab et al, 2010; Lin and Gan, 2011; Grossberger et al, 2014; Domaradzka et al, 2015).…”
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most frequently used group of pharmaceuticals. The high consumption and the uncontrolled disposal of unused drugs into municipal waste or their deposit in landfills can result in an increased concentration of these compounds in soils. Moreover, these drugs can affect the microbial activity. However, there is a lack of knowledge about these effects or it is very limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the impact of selected commercially available NSAIDs, i.e., diclofenac (DCF), naproxen (NPX), ibuprofen (IBF) and ketoprofen (KTP), applied at concentrations of 1 and 10 mg/kg soil, on the activity of soil microorganisms during the 90-day experiment. To ascertain this impact, substrate-induced respiration (SIR), soil enzyme activities, i.e., dehydrogenase (DHA), acid and alkaline phosphatases (PHOS-H and PHOS-OH) and urease (URE) as well as changes in the rates of nitrification and ammonification processes were determined. In addition, the number of culturable bacteria and fungi were enumerated. In general, the obtained data showed a significant stimulatory effect of NSAIDs on the microbial activity. Higher concentrations of NSAIDs caused a greater effect, which was observed for SIR, PHOS-H, PHOS-OH, URE, N-NO3- and N-NH4+, even during the whole incubation period. Moreover, the number of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi increased significantly during the experiment, which was probably a consequence of the evolution of specific microorganisms that were capable of degrading NSAIDs and used them as an additional source of carbon and energy. However, an inhibitory effect of NPX, IBF or KTP for SIR, DHA, on both phosphatases and culturable bacteria and fungi was observed at the beginning of the experiment. At lower concentrations of NSAIDs, in turn, the effects were negligible or transient. In conclusion, the application of NSAIDs altered the biochemical and microbial activity of soil what may cause the disturbance in soil functioning. It is reasonable to assume that some components of the NSAID formulations could stimulate soil microorganisms, thus resulting in an increase in biochemical activities of the soil.
“…The soil used in this study was characterized by a low content of organic matter and a high content of the sand fraction, which might result in a lower adsorption of NSAIDs to soil components and a higher availability of drugs for soil microorganisms (Xu et al, 2010; González-Naranjo et al, 2013; Vasiliadou et al, 2013; Estevez et al, 2014; Graouer-Bacart et al, 2016). This effect was also observed in relation to other organic compounds such as pesticides (Karpouzas and Walker, 2000; Liang et al, 2011; Cycoń et al, 2014), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (Sverdrup et al, 2002; Rivas et al, 2008; Chen and Yuan, 2011) and other pharmaceuticals (Topp et al, 2008b; Sabourin et al, 2009; Al-Rajab et al, 2015; Barra Caracciolo et al, 2015). In addition, the observed effect might also be related to the chemical structure and physico-chemical properties of an individual NSAID that determine its toxicity to soil microorganisms (Dastidar et al, 2000; Paje et al, 2002; Lawrence et al, 2007) and the susceptibility to degradation processes (Xu et al, 2009; Al-Rajab et al, 2010; Lin and Gan, 2011; Grossberger et al, 2014; Domaradzka et al, 2015).…”
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most frequently used group of pharmaceuticals. The high consumption and the uncontrolled disposal of unused drugs into municipal waste or their deposit in landfills can result in an increased concentration of these compounds in soils. Moreover, these drugs can affect the microbial activity. However, there is a lack of knowledge about these effects or it is very limited. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the impact of selected commercially available NSAIDs, i.e., diclofenac (DCF), naproxen (NPX), ibuprofen (IBF) and ketoprofen (KTP), applied at concentrations of 1 and 10 mg/kg soil, on the activity of soil microorganisms during the 90-day experiment. To ascertain this impact, substrate-induced respiration (SIR), soil enzyme activities, i.e., dehydrogenase (DHA), acid and alkaline phosphatases (PHOS-H and PHOS-OH) and urease (URE) as well as changes in the rates of nitrification and ammonification processes were determined. In addition, the number of culturable bacteria and fungi were enumerated. In general, the obtained data showed a significant stimulatory effect of NSAIDs on the microbial activity. Higher concentrations of NSAIDs caused a greater effect, which was observed for SIR, PHOS-H, PHOS-OH, URE, N-NO3- and N-NH4+, even during the whole incubation period. Moreover, the number of heterotrophic bacteria and fungi increased significantly during the experiment, which was probably a consequence of the evolution of specific microorganisms that were capable of degrading NSAIDs and used them as an additional source of carbon and energy. However, an inhibitory effect of NPX, IBF or KTP for SIR, DHA, on both phosphatases and culturable bacteria and fungi was observed at the beginning of the experiment. At lower concentrations of NSAIDs, in turn, the effects were negligible or transient. In conclusion, the application of NSAIDs altered the biochemical and microbial activity of soil what may cause the disturbance in soil functioning. It is reasonable to assume that some components of the NSAID formulations could stimulate soil microorganisms, thus resulting in an increase in biochemical activities of the soil.
“…A first attempt to visualize the isotherm in this system was completed in equilibrium runs when the initial phenol concentration was varied in the range 2–25 ppm and 1 g L −1 of S NN . Several isotherm equations evaluated (Allahkarami et al 2023 , 2022 ; Javier Rivas et al 2008 ) revealed that Langmuir type isotherm was the best fitting expression applied if the sum of the absolute error is considered (see Table 3 ). Fig.…”
The excess of activated sludge generated in municipal wastewater treatment plants constitutes one of the challenging problems facing modern society. The high-water content of this waste makes difficult the transport, disposal, and management of these solids. In this work, activated sludge excess from a secondary clarifier has been dehydrated by means of a combination of temperature and hydrogen peroxide treatment. Three main operating variables have been considered to affect sludge dewaterability and filterability. Temperature (120–180 °C), hydrogen peroxide dose (0.01–0.03 M), and treatment time (20–60 min) influence have been assessed by completing a 15-run Box Behnken experimental design. Different output variables (water content, resistance to filtration, sedimentation volumetric index, extracellular polymeric substances, etc.) have been monitored. Generally, temperature seems to be the most influencing parameter to obtain a dehydrated sludge with acceptable management/disposal characteristics (sludge volume reduction and filterability). In line with the concept of circular economy, an attempt has been conducted to obtain a sustainable biosorbent from the dehydrated sludge generated in the previous stage. Optimum conditions of carbonization and activation revealed that the solid obtained at 400 °C by using ammonium nitrate as activation agent was the most efficient absorbent to eliminate some model compounds from water (namely, phenol, ofloxacin, and diuron); however, a clear improvement margin in the synthesis is foreseen.
“…During the last years, the efficiency and behavior of several sorbents able to sequester toxic metals from contaminated waters have been reported, such as biomass waste from biological wastewater treatment system [13] [14]; cotton boll [15]; pollens [16]; teak leaves powder [17]; black gram husk [18]; grape stalk [19]; peat [20]; fly ash [21]; wood barks [22] [23] and; sawdust [8]. Regarding petroleum hydrocarbons, sorption studies have focused mostly on soil particles as sorbents [24]. Other sorbents tested for removal of petroleum hydrocarbons are: organozeolites and clays [25]; cotton fibres [26]; walnut shells [27]; chrome shavings [28] and granulated activated carbon [29].…”
Whereas the pulp and paper industrial sector-considered the second highest consumer of freshwater in Europe-has already been provided with sufficient wastewater characterization and treatment technologies, other wood-based industries (e.g. furniture, floor production), which do not use water for manufacturing processes, generate different wastewater streams after: 1) cleaning/washing of machinery that applies adhesives and coatings onto wood surfaces; 2) cleaning/washing of machinery that applies specific products for the curing phase of adhesives; 3) cleaning/washing of sharp planar blades used for the sawn process and to prepare wood surfaces for the adhesive application; 4) cleaning/washing of the floor; 5) cleaning/washing of trucks and vehicles. The dilution of low-volumes of highly polluted wastewater is not acceptable any longer since conventional treatment plants are not designed for these types of industrial wastewater. There is a need for proper characterization, treatability studies, designing and testing alternative small size and cost-effective treatment systems for on-site implementation. Treatment systems based on sorption mechanisms are flexible, easy to operate and generate less sludge and several low-cost sorbents generated by forestry activities have advantageous physico-chemical characteristics. The current paper presents the preliminary results from a pilot treatment system consisting of an equalization tank, settling/sedimentation and two sorption reactors in parallel using Pinus sylvestris sawdust as sorbent implemented as part of an integrated water management plan in a wood-floor industry. The simple to operate and cost-effective pilot treatment system performs satisfactorily during an initial period of operation. The study shows an average 39% -54% reduction of TPH; 17% -38% reduction of oil; 2% -15% of reduction of COD and; 11% -74% reduction of most toxic metals but for Co, Ni and Zn in the system B. Based on these results, Pinus sylvestris sawdust is a potential low-cost and abundant material to be considered for industrial wastewater treatment plants. F. Kaczala et al. 369
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