Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from a multi-industrial city, South Korea

Kwon, Hye-Ok; Choi, Sung-Deuk

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.031

Cited by 222 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Similarly, other PAH congeners including the BghiP, Cor, Phe are also present in the motor vehicular exhaust emission (Ravindra et al, 2006), moreover; the Phe was high in Rawalpindi and Lahore and high Pyr concentration in all three cities represent a mix contribution of anthropogenic origin (i.e., oil/biomass combustion and vehicular exhaust emission) in these cities (Ravindra et al, 2008). In Lahore, high concentration of BghiP and IP indicated gasoline and oil combustion (Kwon and Choi, 2008). In addition, we observed high concentration of several LM-PAHs in Rawalpindi city, including Naph, Phe, which could be originating from the petroleum refinery located within the city suburbs, in particular, from the functional incinerator of this refinery which could be is a very important source of volatile PAHs and particulate matter (PM) in these areas (Kamal et al, 2013(Kamal et al, , 2015b.…”

Section: Pahs Profile In the Atmosphere Of The District Rawalpindi/ismentioning

confidence: 76%

“…In general, the profile of PAHs in Wazirabad showed more HM-PAHs emerging from both traffic and combustion-emission. Higher values of Chry and BkF revealed a possible emissions from the coal (Smith and Harrison, 1998;Ravindra et al, 2008) and diesel combustion (Kwon et al, 2008), whereas BghiP also mark gasoline combustion emissions (Kwon et al, 2008 and reference therein). The Fla, Phe, IP, BghiP are markers of fossil-fuel combustion (Kwon et al, 2008).…”

Section: Pah Profile In the Atmosphere Of District Gujranwala (Includmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Higher values of Chry and BkF revealed a possible emissions from the coal (Smith and Harrison, 1998;Ravindra et al, 2008) and diesel combustion (Kwon et al, 2008), whereas BghiP also mark gasoline combustion emissions (Kwon et al, 2008 and reference therein). The Fla, Phe, IP, BghiP are markers of fossil-fuel combustion (Kwon et al, 2008). The mobiles sources, especially heavy-duty diesel trucks emit light weight PAHs (Naph, Fla, Pyr) (Marr et al, 1999).…”

Section: Pah Profile In the Atmosphere Of District Gujranwala (Includmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Profile of Atmospheric PAHs in Rawalpindi, Lahore and Gujranwala Districts of Punjab Province (Pakistan)

Kamal

Syed

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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In this study, polyurethane foam passive air samplers (PUF-PAS) were deployed to evaluate the atmospheric concentration levels and ambient exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Gujranwala, Lahore and Rawalpindi districts of the Punjab Province (Pakistan). The PAHs were extracted from the PUFs disks using Soxhlet extraction assembly, and were further concentrated using rotary evaporator, purified on a column, packed with alumina/silica, and eluted with a solution of dichloromethane:hexane (1:1 v:v). The PAHs quantification was carried out gas-chromatograph equipped with a mass-spectrometer (GC-MS). Regression scatter plots and molecular diagnostic ratios were used to identify and characterize the emission of PAH species from different sources. Among all detected PAHs, a high concentration of naphthalene (Naph) was observed in Lahore (327 pg m -3 ) and Rawalpindi (316 pg m -3 ) cities followed by phenanthrene, banzo(a)pyrene, pyrene, benzo(b)florenthene and benzo(k)flourenthene. Our findings revealed that the low molecular weight (LM)-PAHs in Rawalpindi and Gujranwala cities could have possibly originated from a local petroleum refinery and vehicular emissions respectively, whereas the high molecular weight (HM)-PAHs observed in Wazirabad, could be largely related to both biomass and traffic emissions. Results also showed that ~88 percent of the atmospheric PAHs could be attributed to the wood combustions (R 2 = 0.88), out of which more than 50 percent of wood combustion were possibly with the brick kiln sector (R 2 = 0.53).

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Section: Pahs Profile In the Atmosphere Of The District Rawalpindi/ismentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Pah Profile In the Atmosphere Of District Gujranwala (Includmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pah Profile In the Atmosphere Of District Gujranwala (Includmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Profile of Atmospheric PAHs in Rawalpindi, Lahore and Gujranwala Districts of Punjab Province (Pakistan)

Kamal

Syed

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…The PAH profiles were studied for steel and iron industries operating on different fuels and the reported indicatory PAHs were BaA, BkF, BghiP for coal fuel fired plants, BaP, Acp, AcPy for heavy fuel oil operated plants and COR, Pyr, BbC for electricity fueled plants (Yang et al, 2002). A study by Kwon and Choi (2014) used diagnostic PAHs at many heavy industry sites, including a thermal power plant, carbon plant, calcium carbide factory, paper mill, pharmaceutical factory and industrial park which shared common diagnostic PAHs such as PA, FL, Pyr, and CHR, while the distinctive PAH emissions from a ferroalloy plant were BaA and BaP. Additional indicatory PAHs from various sources are presented in Table 3.…”

Section: Indicatory Pahsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Overview: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Stationary and Mobile Sources and in the Ambient Air

Cheruiyot

Lee

Mwangi

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

133

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are a class of semi-volatile organic carbons that are emitted from both natural and anthropogenic sources therefore are ubiquitous in nature. Their main sources are both fossil and biomass fuels as well as other feedstocks used in chemical and combustion processes. Mostly the combustion processes are PAH depletion processes rather than PAH generating processes. PAHs are emitted from both stationary and mobile sources at varying levels depending on the operation conditions such as fuels, feedstock, and control devices in use as well as process parameters for example combustion temperatures.After emission from sources, the fates of PAHs in the atmosphere include partitioning between gas and particulate phases, particle size distribution, long range transport, dry and wet deposition on to water bodies, soil, vegetation and other receptor surfaces as well as resuspension from receptor surfaces back to the atmosphere. These processes are controlled by their physiochemical properties. Additionally, it is through these processes that human beings are exposed to PAHs via inhalation, ingestion and dermal contact.Dry deposition is the major process through which PAHs from the atmosphere are made available to receptor surfaces including the human respiratory system. From studies with cumulative fractions of dry deposition and size distribution for particulate PAHs, it is evident that the coarse particles are majorly responsible for the highest fraction of deposition fluxes. This is especially true for the high molecular weight PAHs, since the low molecular weight PAHs are majorly in the gas phase, which have lower dry deposition velocities. On the other hand, the highest risk for human being comes in the form of fine particles, whose mean aerodynamic diameter is below 2.5 µm. This is because the particle bound content results and particle size distributions of PAHs indicate that the fine particles have the most PAH content owing to their large surface areas and high organic carbon content. For the wet deposition of PAHs, more research is recommended for measurement of scavenging ratios of individual PAHs, since there is a scarcity of studies focusing on this issue.PAH mutagenic activity and exposure risk of humans can be estimated using the deposition rates, toxicity levels based on benzo(a)pyrene, or biomarkers such as urinary 1-hydroxypyrene. Other parameters that have been used to evaluate the risks of various exposure groups include inhalation exposure levels (IEL), incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR), and estimation of maximum consumption time (t max ). Highway toll workers, back carbon workers and food vendors in night markets are among susceptible groups identified using these biomarkers and exposure parameters.To reduce exposure to human beings, PAH emissions need to be controlled at the sources. Control and reduction of PAH emissions from various sources involves largely altering the fuel and feedstock characteristics, using air pollution control devices and/or adjustin...

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“…Most PAHs in the environment arrive from pyrogenic sources. So far, pyrogenic anthropogenic sources of PAHs (automobile exhaust, various industrial and power plant emissions) are well studied (Khan et al, 2008;Mastral and Callen, 2000;Wilcke, 2000Wilcke, , 2007Agarwal, 2009;Kwon, 2014;Mu et al, 2013) and, nowadays, in developed countries, there is a trend of reducing environmental contamination with PAHs because of improvement in technologies (Guo et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in post-fire soils of drained peatlands in western Meshchera (Moscow region, Russia)

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are priority pollutants that arrive in the environment from numerous anthropogenic and natural sources, but the data on their natural sources including wildfires remain insufficient. The level of contamination and the composition of PAHs in soils of the areas affected by wildfires were studied in this work. The study was conducted in the Moscow region (Russia) in areas occupied by drained peatland and strongly damaged by fires in 2002, 2010 and 2012. The features of PAH accumulation and the profile distributions in histosols and histic podzols after the fires of different times were analyzed. It was shown that new soil horizons formed after the fires -Cpir, Hpir and incipient O horizons -and that these horizons differ in PAH accumulation rate. Maximal total concentrations of 14 PAHs were detected in charred peat horizons Hpir (up to 330 ng g −1 ) and in postfire incipient O horizons (up to 180 ng g −1 ), but the highmolecular-weight PAHs (benz(ghi)perylene, benz(a)pyrene, benz(k)fluoranthene) were revealed only in charry peat horizons. The trends of higher PAH concentrations were found in cases when smoldering combustion resulted in rather thick residual peat horizons. In cases of almost complete pyrogenic destruction of He horizons, total PAH concentrations were no more than 50 ng g −1 . Also, PAH accumulation in upper horizons of soils near the sites of the latest fires was observed.

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils from a multi-industrial city, South Korea

Cited by 222 publications

References 46 publications

Profile of Atmospheric PAHs in Rawalpindi, Lahore and Gujranwala Districts of Punjab Province (Pakistan)

Profile of Atmospheric PAHs in Rawalpindi, Lahore and Gujranwala Districts of Punjab Province (Pakistan)

An Overview: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Emissions from the Stationary and Mobile Sources and in the Ambient Air

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in post-fire soils of drained peatlands in western Meshchera (Moscow region, Russia)

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